{"id":4917,"date":"2020-01-07T18:59:45","date_gmt":"2020-01-07T09:59:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=4917"},"modified":"2020-01-07T18:59:45","modified_gmt":"2020-01-07T09:59:45","slug":"infrared-spectroscopy-finally-sees-the-light","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4917","title":{"rendered":"Infrared spectroscopy finally sees the light"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>The reliance of infrared spectroscopy on light transmission limits the sensitivity of many analytical applications. An approach that depends on the emission of infrared radiation from molecules promises to solve this problem.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<p>Atoms in molecules oscillate when irradiated by infrared light. The particular light frequencies that drive these vibrations are absorbed by molecules, and depend on the molecules\u2019 chemical structure and environment. The infrared absorption spectrum of a sample can therefore be used as a molecular fingerprint by which to characterize its chemical composition. This has made infrared spectroscopy a widespread analytical technique. However, infrared spectra are difficult to measure for low concentrations of analytes and for samples in water.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1850-7\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1850-7\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Writing in\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i><\/a>, Pupeza\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0present a concept for infrared spectroscopy that promises to alleviate these limitations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1850-7\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03866-w\/d41586-019-03866-w_17517984.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Read the paper: Field-resolved infrared spectroscopy of biological systems<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Infrared light was discovered<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0as a result of the problem it caused William Herschel while he was making astronomical observations of the Sun \u2014 it created a disturbing heating sensation in his eye that he wanted to filter out. Today, however, the benefits of infrared radiation for a multitude of analytical purposes are widely appreciated. Its applications range from the detection of molecules in outer space<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">4<\/a><\/sup>, including that of water on Mars<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">5<\/a><\/sup>, to deciphering the molecular mechanisms of proteins in living organisms<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR7\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">7<\/a><\/sup>. In the everyday world, it is used in food analysis<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR8\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">8<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and in forensic police investigations<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR9\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">9<\/a><\/sup>, for example. Much research is being done to bring infrared spectroscopy to the clinic, because the analysis of biological tissue and body fluids can be used to detect and diagnose disease<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR7\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR10\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>One of the main obstacles to the infrared analysis of biological samples is the strong absorption of infrared radiation by water \u2014 a problem that limits the sample thickness to less than 10 micrometres for most purposes. This issue also makes it difficult to add aqueous solutions of reagents (such as acids or salts) to samples to manipulate the state of molecules in the sample. Such manipulations are desirable, for example, for studying the binding of small molecules to proteins, and are standard practice when using ultraviolet or visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, because infrared radiation is absorbed by water, samples must often be concentrated or dried.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-00987-0\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03866-w\/d41586-019-03866-w_17033836.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Snapshots of vibrating molecules<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pupeza and colleagues report a solution to this problem. They irradiate samples with an ultrashort pulse (on the scale of femtoseconds; 1 fs is 10<sup>\u201315<\/sup>\u00a0seconds) of mid-infrared light. Specific frequencies of the light are absorbed by sample molecules, generating vibrations. These vibrations continue after the pulse has ended, and last until the vibrational energy is dissipated to the environment (which takes a few picoseconds; 1 ps is 10<sup>\u201312<\/sup>\u2009s). Because the vibrating atoms carry partial electrical charges, their oscillations generate electromagnetic radiation, similar to the way in which oscillating electrons produce electromagnetic radiation in an antenna. The generated radiation has the same frequency as that of the molecular vibrations, and so carries information about all of the sample molecules \u2014 the authors therefore call it a global molecular fingerprint. It is measured using a second ultrashort pulse of light, this time in the near-infrared spectral range, through a method called electro-optic sampling<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR11\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The authors\u2019 approach is conceptually different from conventional absorption measurements. In absorption spectroscopy, the signal is sensed only indirectly, from the light that does not interact with the sample (Fig. 1a). Weak absorption is therefore very difficult to detect, because it changes the intensity of the transmitted light only marginally. Theoretically, the detection of weak absorbers could be improved by increasing the intensity of the incident light, but commonly used infrared detectors become less sensitive at higher light intensities<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR12\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">12<\/a><\/sup>, imposing a practical limit on the maximum light intensity that can be used. By contrast, Pupeza\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>. detect the signal of interest \u2014 the radiation emitted from the vibrating molecules \u2014 directly (Fig. 1b). This is analogous to the difference between absorbance and fluorescence measurements in the visible spectral range: fluorescence measurements are the more sensitive because they detect a signal directly from the sample, and can even detect it from a single molecule.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/lw800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03866-w\/d41586-019-03866-w_17518824.png\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/lw800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03866-w\/d41586-019-03866-w_17518824.png\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\"><b>Figure 1 | A fresh approach for obtaining infrared spectra.<\/b>\u00a0<b>a<\/b>, In conventional infrared spectroscopy, molecules are irradiated with infrared light. They absorb certain frequencies of the light, which causes them to vibrate. The signals of interest are the absorption \u2018troughs\u2019 in the transmitted light spectrum, but these change the overall intensity of the transmitted light only marginally when the samples are highly diluted, limiting the sensitivity of this technique.\u00a0<b>b<\/b>, Pupeza\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0irradiate analytical samples with ultrashort bursts of infrared light, again causing molecules in the sample to vibrate. These vibrations continue after the pulse has ended, and generate infrared radiation, shown here as a \u2018tail\u2019 that trails after the pulse. This tail is analysed to determine the infrared spectrum of the molecules. Because the experimental signal is emitted light and is detected directly, this method can be more sensitive than absorption infrared spectroscopy.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pupeza and colleagues demonstrate the high sensitivity of their approach in various ways. For example, they were able to detect 40-fold lower concentrations of a compound in solution, and to better distinguish between two similar compounds, than when using absorption spectroscopy. They also obtained spectra of biological samples that block nearly all of the incoming light (in one case, at least 99.999%). Thus, the new approach senses light where currently used methods see only darkness. This is an impressive achievement, and might alleviate both of the main problems of conventional infrared spectroscopy: sensitivity and strong infrared absorption by water. It will simplify sample preparation in many cases by removing the need for sample concentration or drying, and will open up new applications \u2014 particularly those involving aqueous biological samples.<\/p>\n<p>The authors suggest several ideas for taking the method further, such as by increasing the power of the laser used to irradiate the sample. It is to be hoped that such measures will further narrow the technological gap that at present prevents the method from achieving the ultimate goal of single-molecule sensitivity in bulk water. Other challenges will be to increase the spectral range of the measurements to include the shorter wavelengths at which prominent and diagnostically useful signals are found for proteins, lipids and nucleotides, and to develop a spectrometer suitable for commercialization at a competitive price.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>577<\/strong>, 34-35 (2020)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-019-03866-w<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03866-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; The reliance of infrared spectroscopy on light transmission limits the sensitivity of many analytical applications. An approach that depends on the emission of<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4917\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[33,34,36,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-chemistry","category-lets-do-physics","category-lets-do-science"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1166,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1166","url_meta":{"origin":4917,"position":0},"title":"Listen: AI robot mixes chemicals to discover reactions","author":"biochemistry","date":"July 19, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 Automated machine conducts, assesses and learns from experiments with random reagents. \u00a0 \u00a0 Reporter Adam Levy talks to chemist Lee Cronin about his team\u2019s search1\u00a0for new chemical reactions.\u00a0Read the research. Subscribe to the Nature Podcast on iTunes\u00a0or your favourite podcast app. Head here for the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3245,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3245","url_meta":{"origin":4917,"position":1},"title":"Things we know and don\u2019t know about nanoplastic in the environment","author":"biochemistry","date":"April 8, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Fragments of plastic smaller than 1 \u03bcm have raised concerns about the potential risks they pose to the environment. Research will have to answer a number of questions to establish what the realistic risks are. \u00a0 Plastic litter in marine environments was first observed in the 1970s1,2. Since\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3722,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3722","url_meta":{"origin":4917,"position":2},"title":"A sticky solution could speed up drug discovery","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 8, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 Researchers screening potentially valuable enzymes ditch a time-consuming step. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Machinery in a lab that aims to identify new drugs. A nifty method allows scientists to skip a tedious step when searching for enzymes for synthesizing drugs and other useful products. Credit: Lewis Houghton\/SPL \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4092,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4092","url_meta":{"origin":4917,"position":3},"title":"Making perfectly controlled arrays of molecules at rest","author":"biochemistry","date":"September 18, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Since their invention in the early 1970s, optical tweezers have evolved from enabling simple manipulation to applying calibrated forces on\u2014and measuring nanometer-level displacements of\u2014optically trapped objects. Optical tweezers use laser light to create a force trap that can hold nanometer- to micrometer-sized dielectric objects (1). 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