{"id":4545,"date":"2019-10-23T13:32:47","date_gmt":"2019-10-23T04:32:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=4545"},"modified":"2019-10-29T19:56:00","modified_gmt":"2019-10-29T10:56:00","slug":"quantum-computing-takes-flight-a-precarious-milestone-for-quantum-computing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4545","title":{"rendered":"Quantum computing takes flight &#038; A precarious milestone for quantum computing &#038; Hello quantum world! Google publishes landmark quantum supremacy claim"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>\ub17c\ub780\uc758 \uad6c\uae00 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69 \ub4dc\ub514\uc5b4 \uacf5\uac1c&#8230;&#8221;\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131 \ub2ec\uc131\ud588\ub2e4&#8221;<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"media_end_summary\">\uad6c\uae00 &#8216;\ub124\uc774\ucc98&#8217; \ub17c\ubb38 \ubc1c\ud45c&#8230;\ub09c\uc218 \uc99d\uba85 \ud2b9\uc815 \uacfc\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc288\ud37c\ucef4 \ub2a5\uac00 \ud655\uc778<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/584\/2019\/10\/23\/0000006414_001_20191024095725720.jpg?type=w647\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><em class=\"img_desc\">\uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub97c \ub2a5\uac00\ud558\ub294 \uc5f0\uc0b0 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 &#8216;\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131&#8217;\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \uc815\uc2dd \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\ub2e4. 9\uc6d4 \uc911\uc21c\ubd80\ud130 \ud55c \ub2ec \uc774\uc0c1 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub3fc \uc628 \ub17c\ub780\uc774 \uc77c\ub2e8 \uac00\ub77c\uc549\uc744 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \uad6c\uae00\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">AI<\/span>\u00a0\ube14\ub85c\uadf8 \uc81c\uacf5<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\uc9c0\ub09c 9\uc6d4, \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc0c8\ub85c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud55c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69 \u2018\uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\u2019\uac00 \ud2b9\uc815 \uacfc\uc81c\ub97c \ud478\ub294 \uc784\ubb34\uc5d0\uc11c \ud604\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uac00\uc7a5 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc555\ub3c4\ud574, \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uac00 \uae30\uc874 \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uc758 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \uc77c\ubd80 \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \u2018\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131(\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc704)\u2019\uc744 \ucd5c\ucd08\ub85c \ub2ec\uc131\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \ub2f4\uc740 \ubb38\uac74\uc774 \ubbf8\uad6d\ud56d\uacf5\uc6b0\uc8fc\uad6d(<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">NASA<\/span>) \uc0ac\uc774\ud2b8\uc5d0 \uac8c\uc2dc\ub410\ub2e4 \uc0ad\uc81c\ub41c \uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc2dc \uad6c\uae00\uc740 \ud604\uc874 \ucd5c\uace0 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c 1\ub9cc \ub144 \uac78\ub9b4 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c 3\ubd84 20\ucd08(200\ucd08)\ub9cc\uc5d0 \ud480\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ubc1d\ud600 \uacfc\ud559\uacc4\uc640 \uacf5\ud559\uacc4\uc5d0 \ud30c\uc7a5\uc744 \uc77c\uc73c\ucf30\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc774 \uc5f0\uad6c \uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \ub3d9\ub8cc \ud3c9\uac00\ub97c \uac70\uce5c \uc815\uc2dd \ub17c\ubb38\uc73c\ub85c \ub4dc\ub514\uc5b4 \ucd9c\ud310\ub410\ub2e4. \uc720\ucd9c\ub410\ub358 \uc5f0\uad6c \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \uc804\ubd80 \ub9de\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uacbd\uc7c1\uc0ac\uc778\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc740 \ubb38\uac74 \uc720\ucd9c\uc774 \ubcf4\ub3c4\ub41c 10\uc6d4 \ucd08\ubd80\ud130 \uc9c0\ub09c 21\uc77c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc904\uace7 \u201c\uad6c\uae00\uc740 \uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \ubd80\uc815\ud574 \uc654\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc801\uc5b4\ub3c4 \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \ud604\uc874 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud574 \ud2b9\uc815 \uacfc\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ubcf4\uc778 \uac83\uc740 \ud655\uc2e4\ud574\uc84c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc874 \ub9c8\ub974\ud2f0\ub2c8\uc2a4 \ubbf8\uad6d\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">UC<\/span>\uc0cc\ud0c0\ubc14\ubc84\ub77c \uad50\uc218\uc640 \uad6c\uae00 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5(<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">AI<\/span>)\ud000\ud140\ud300\uc740 \u201c\uae30\uc874 \ucd5c\uac15 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \ud478\ub294 \ub370 1\ub9cc \ub144 \uac78\ub9ac\ub294 \uacfc\uc81c\ub97c 3\ubd84 20\ucd08(200\ucd08)\ub9cc\uc5d0 \ud478\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69 \u2018\uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4(\ud50c\ub77c\ud0c0\ub108\uc2a4\ub77c\ub294 \ub73b)\u2019\ub97c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud558\uace0 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \uc2dc\ud5d8\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc131\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4\u201d\ub294 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc758 \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \uad6d\uc81c\ud559\uc220\uc9c0 \u2018\ub124\uc774\ucc98\u2019 23\uc77c\uc790 \uc628\ub77c\uc778\ud310\uc5d0 \uacf5\uac1c\ud588\ub2e4. \ub124\uc774\ucc98\uac00 \uc815\uaddc \ubc1c\ud589 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ub54c\uc5d0 \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \uc989\uc2dc\ubcf4\ub3c4\ub85c \uacf5\uac1c\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub4dc\ubb3c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9cc\ud07c \uc774\ubc88 \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc5b5\uce21\uacfc \ub17c\ub780\uc774 \uce58\uc5f4\ud588\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \ub300\ubaa9\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>(\uad00\ub828\uae30\uc0ac : \uad6c\uae00 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130, \uc288\ud37c\ucef4 \ub2a5\uac00\ud588\ub098 &#8216;\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131 \ub2ec\uc131&#8217; \ub17c\ub780)<\/p>\n<p>\uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc774\ubc88\uc5d0 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud55c \uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\ub294 53\uac1c\uc758 \ud050\ube44\ud2b8(\uc591\uc790\ube44\ud2b8. \uc591\uc790 \uc815\ubcf4 \ucd5c\uc18c \ub2e8\uc704)\ub97c \uc2ed(\u5341)\uc790 \ubaa8\uc591\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ud574 \uad6c\ud604\ud55c \ucd5c\uc2e0 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69\uc774\ub2e4. \uc808\ub3000\ub3c4\uc5d0 \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 \uadf9\uc800\uc628\uc73c\ub85c \ub0c9\uac01\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uc800\ud56d\uc774 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uc18c\uc7ac\uc778 \ucd08\uc804\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uae08\uc18d\uc744 \ub07c\uc6b4 \uc804\uc790\uc18c\uc790(\uc870\uc149\uc2a8 \uc18c\uc790) \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc804\uc790 \ub450 \uac1c\uac00 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc591\uc790\ucc98\ub7fc \uc30d\uc744 \uc774\ub904 \ud1b5\uacfc\ud558\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \u2018\ucd08\uc804\ub3c4 \uc18c\uc790\u2019 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \uc4f4\ub2e4. \ucd08\uc804\ub3c4 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 23\uc77c \uc0bc\uc131\uc774 \ud22c\uc790\ud558\uae30\ub85c \ud55c \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uae30\uc5c5 \u2018\uc544\uc774\uc628\ud050\u2019\uac00 \uc5f0\uad6c \uc911\uc778 \uc774\uc628\ud2b8\ub7a9(\uc774\uc628\ub36b) \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ud604\uc7ac \uac00\uc7a5 \uc720\ub825\ud55c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \ud050\ube44\ud2b8 \uad6c\ud604 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uaf3d\ud78c\ub2e4. \uc774\uc628\ud2b8\ub7a9\uc740 \uc790\uae30\uc7a5 \ub4f1\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uc774\uc628\uc744 \ubd84\ub9ac, \uc81c\uc5b4\ud55c \ub4a4 \uc591\uc790\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud574 \uc591\uc790\uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ucc98\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uad6c\uae00\uc740 \uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \ub09c\uc218\ub97c \uc99d\uba85\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uad50\uc801 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uace0 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ud3c9\uac00\ud588\ub2e4. \uc815\uc5f0\uc6b1 \ud55c\uad6d\ud45c\uc900\uacfc\ud559\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \uc591\uc790\uae30\uc220\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \ucc45\uc784\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0\uc740 \u201c\uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69\uc758 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \uc2dc\ud5d8\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uace0\uc548\ub41c \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub85c, \ub300\ubd80\ubd84 \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uac00 \ub354 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ubcf4\uc774\uac8c \ub3fc \uc788\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub97c \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uad6c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4\ub370, \uad6c\uae00\uc740 \uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\ub85c \uc774 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 3\ubd84 20\ucd08 \ub9cc\uc5d0 \ub05d\ub0b4\ub294 \ub370 \uc131\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4. \uad6c\uae00\uc740 \u201c\uc774 \uacfc\uc81c\ub294 \ud604\uc874 \ucd5c\uac15\uc758 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c\ub3c4 1\ub9cc \ub144 \uac78\ub9ac\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\u201d\ub77c\uace0 \ubc1d\ud600 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc0c1 \uc774 \uacfc\uc81c\uc5d0 \ud55c\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \u2018\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\u2019\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ubc1d\ud614\ub2e4. \ud604\uc874 \ucd5c\uac15\uc758 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc624\ud06c\ub9ac\uc9c0\uad6d\ub9bd\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c\uc758 \u2018\uc11c\ubbf8\ud2b8\u2019\ub85c 2019\ub144 6\uc6d4 \ub3c5\uc77c \ud504\ub791\ud06c\ud478\ub974\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c \uac1c\ucd5c\ub41c \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud305 \ucf58\ud37c\ub7f0\uc2a4\uac00 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud55c \uc138\uacc4 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uc131\ub2a5 \uc21c\uc704\uc5d0\uc11c 148\ud398\ud0c0\ud50c\ub86d\uc2a4(<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">PF<\/span>)\uc758 \uc5f0\uc0b0\uc18d\ub3c4\ub97c \ubc1c\ud718\ud588\ub2e4. 1<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">PF<\/span>\ub294 1\ucd08\uc5d0 1000\uc870 \uac1c\uc758 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc744 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uad6c\uae00\uc740 &#8220;\uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\ub294 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub798\ubc0d\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69&#8221;\uc774\ub77c\uba70 &#8220;\uc774\ubbf8 \uc62c\ud574 \ubd04 \uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud55c \ub4a4 \uc9c0\uae08\uc740 \uc591\uc790\ud654\ud559\uacfc \uba38\uc2e0\ub7ec\ub2dd \uc591\uc790\ubb3c\ub9ac \ub4f1\uc5d0 \uc751\uc6a9\ud558\ub824 \uc2dc\ud5d8\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \ubc1d\ud614\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/584\/2019\/10\/23\/0000006414_003_20191024095725749.png?type=w647\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><em class=\"img_desc\">\uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud55c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uce69 \uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\uc758 \ud050\ube44\ud2b8 \ubc30\uc5f4\uc744 \ub3c4\uc2dd\ud654\ud55c \uadf8\ub9bc\uc774\ub2e4. \uad6c\uae00\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">AI<\/span>\u00a0\ube14\ub85c\uadf8 \uc81c\uacf5<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\uc774\ubc88 \uc5f0\uad6c \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \ub17c\ubb38 \uc815\uc2dd \ubc1c\ud45c \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc548\uc774 \uc0ac\uc804 \uc720\ucd9c\ub418\uba70 \ud070 \ub17c\ub780\uc744 \ubd88\ub7ec \uc77c\uc73c\ucf1c \uc654\ub2e4. \ub17c\ub780\uc740 \uc9c0\ub09c\ub2ec 20\uc77c \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\uc9c0 \ud30c\uc774\ub0b8\uc15c\ud0c0\uc784\uc2a4\uac00 \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ubc1d\ud78c \uae30\uc0ac\ub97c \uac8c\uc7ac\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uae30\uc0ac\ub294 \uc9c0\uae08\uc740 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c4\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">NASA<\/span>\uc758 \ubb38\uc11c\ub97c \uc778\uc6a9\ud574 \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \ucf54\ub4dc\uba85\uc774 \uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\uc778 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\uace0 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\uc744 \ub2a5\uac00\ud558\ub294 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ubcf4\uc600\ub2e4\uace0 \uc804\ud588\ub2e4. \uad6c\uae00\uc740\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">NASA<\/span>\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131 \ud655\uc778\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud558\uae30\ub85c \uc9c0\ub09c\ud574 \ud569\uc758\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \uad6c\uae00\uc740 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \uae30\uc5c5\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \uacf5\uaca9\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\uac1c\ubc1c\uc744 \uc218\ud589 \uc911\uc778 \uae30\uc5c5\uc774\ub2e4. \ub450 \uae30\uc5c5\uc740 \uc9c0\ub09c\ud574 \uac01\uac01 53(<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>)~72(\uad6c\uae00)\uac1c\uc758 \uc591\uc790 \uc815\ubcf4\ub2e8\uc704(\uc591\uc790\ube44\ud2b8 \ub610\ub294 \ud050\ube44\ud2b8)\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub97c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc0ac\uc778\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc774 \uc5b4\uae43\uc7a5\uc744 \ub193\uc73c\uba74\uc11c \ub17c\ub780\uc774 \ucee4\uc84c\ub2e4.\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc740 \ud30c\uc774\ub0b8\uc15c\ud0c0\uc784\uc2a4 \ub4f1\uc5d0\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\u00a0\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c\uc7a5\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811 \ub17c\ud3c9\uc744 \ud558\uba70 \u201c\uad6c\uae00\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \ubbff\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. 21\uc77c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc790\uc0ac \ube14\ub85c\uadf8\uc5d0 \uae00\uc744 \uac8c\uc7ac\ud558\uace0 \ub17c\ubb38 \uc0ac\uc804 \uacf5\uc720\uc0ac\uc774\ud2b8 \u2018\uc544\uce74\uc774\ube0c\u2019\uc5d0 \ub17c\ubb38\uae4c\uc9c0 \uacf5\uac1c\ud558\uba70 \u201c\uad6c\uae00\uc740 \uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \ub17c\ud3c9\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>(\uad00\ub828\uae30\uc0ac : \uad6c\uae00 \uc591\uc790\ucef4 &#8216;\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131&#8217; \ub17c\ub780\uc5d0 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc0ac\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\u00a0&#8220;\uae30\uc874 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub118\uc740 \uac83 \uc544\ub0d0&#8221; \ubc18\ubc15)<\/p>\n<p>\ube14\ub85c\uadf8 \uae00\uacfc \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5d0\ub4dc\uc708 \ud398\ub4dc\ub178\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \uc11d\uc88c\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0\uacfc \uc81c\uc774 \uac10\ubca0\ud0c0\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\u00a0\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \ubd80\uc18c\uc7a5 \ub4f1 \uc138 \uba85\uc758 \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub294 \u201c\uad6c\uae00 \ubb38\uac74\uc740 \uae30\uc874 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c 1\ub9cc \ub144\uc774 \uac78\ub9ac\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc0c8\ub85c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud55c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69\uc73c\ub85c 3\ubd84 20\ucd08\ub9cc\uc5d0 \ud480\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ubc1d\ud788\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uadf8 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ud604\uc874 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \uc774\ud2c0 \ubc18\uc774\uba74 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub192\uc740 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \ud480 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uc600\ub2e4\u201d\uba70 \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub3c4 \ub3c4\uc800\ud788 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ubcf4\uc778 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc740 \u201c\uc774 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub3c4 \uc544\uc8fc \ubcf4\uc218\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc7a1\uc740 \uacb0\uacfc\uc774\uace0, \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ucd5c\uc801\ud654\ud558\uba74 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub4dc\ub294 \uc790\uc6d0\uc744 \ub354 \uc904\uc77c \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \ub367\ubd99\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p><span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc740 \u201c\uad6c\uae00\uc740 \uae30\uc874 \uc288\ud37c\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uac00 \ud574\ub2f9 \uacfc\uc81c \uc218\ud589\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ub79c\ub364\uc561\uc138\uc2a4\uba54\ubaa8\ub9ac(<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">RAM<\/span>)\uc5d0 \uc288\ub8b0\ub529\uac70 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ubca1\ud130(\uc591\uc790\uc5ed\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub97c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uc77c\uc885\uc758 \ubcc0\uc218)\ub97c \ubaa8\ub450 \uc800\uc7a5\ud574\uc57c \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub7f4 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5b4 \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \uc2dc\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uce58\ud658\ud55c \ub2e4\ub978 \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158(\uc288\ub8b0\ub529\uac70-\ud30c\uc778\ub9cc \uc2dc\ubbac\ub808\uc774\uc158)\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf4\uace0 \ud478\ub294 \ub370 1\ub9cc \ub144\uc774 \uac78\ub9b0\ub2e4\uace0 \ucd94\uc815\ud588\ub2e4\u201d\uba70 \u201c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uad6c\uae00\uc740 \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uc5d0 \uc678\ubd80 \uc800\uc7a5\uc7a5\uce58\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \uac04\uacfc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/584\/2019\/10\/23\/0000006414_004_20191024095725762.jpg?type=w647\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><em class=\"img_desc\">\uad6c\uae00\uc774 23\uc77c \uc804\uaca9 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud55c \ub124\uc774\ucc98 \ub17c\ubb38 \uccab \ud398\uc774\uc9c0. \ub124\uc774\ucc98 \ub17c\ubb38 \ucea1\uccd0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \u201c\uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub294 \ub7a8\uacfc \ud558\ub4dc\ub514\uc2a4\ud06c\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ubca1\ud130\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8e8\uace0 \uc800\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uae30\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ub192\uc774\uace0 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud655\ubcf4\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\u201d\uba70 \u201c\uad6c\uae00\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \ucd08\uc804\ub3c4 \ud68c\ub85c\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 53\ud050\ube44\ud2b8 \uc7a5\uce58\uc758 \ucd5c\uc2e0 \uc131\uacfc\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \uc0ac\ub840\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc591\uc790 \u2018\uc6b0\uc6d4\u2019\uacfc\ub294 \uac70\ub9ac\uac00 \uba40\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \uacb0\ub860 \ub0b4\ub838\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub124\uc774\ucc98\uac00 \uc11c\ub458\ub7ec \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \uacf5\uac1c\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\uc758 \uc131\ub2a5\uc740 \uae30\uc815\uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774 \ub410\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc815 \ucc45\uc784\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0\uc740 \u201c\uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc218\ud589\ud55c \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \ud480\uc5c8\uc744 \ub54c \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc808\ub300 \uc88b\uc740 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ub0bc \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4\uace0 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc99d\uba85\ub418\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud558\uace0 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \ucd1d\ub3d9\uc6d0\ud558\uba74 \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uc640 \ube44\uc2b7\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc624\ud788\ub824 \ub354 \uc88b\uc740 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ub0bc \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc740 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub4e0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4\u201d\uba70 \u201c\uc774\ubc88\uc5d0\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc740 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uc758 \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \uadf9\ub300\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c (\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \ub192\uc5ec) \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \ub098\uc120 \uac83\u201d\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 \u201c\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc740 \uc815\uc758\ud558\uae30 \ub098\ub984\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud588\ub294\uc9c0 \uc5ec\ubd80\ub294 \ub17c\ub780\uc774 \ub420 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4\u201d\uba70 \u201c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uace0 \ud574\uc11c \uad6c\uae00\uc758 \uc2dc\ucee4\ubaa8\uc5b4\uac00 \ud604\uc874 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \ubd80\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \uac83\u201d\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc774\ubc88 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \ubd84\uc57c\uc758 \ud070 \uc774\uc815\ud45c\uac00 \ud2c0\ub9bc\uc5c6\ub2e4\ub294 \uac8c \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \ud3c9\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub9cc \uc544\uc9c1\uc740 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc911\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c \ubb34\uc870\uac74\uc801\uc778 \ub099\uad00\uc774\ub098, &#8216;\uc774\uc81c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc554\ud638\uac00 \ub6ab\ub9ac\uac8c \ub410\ub2e4&#8217;\ub294 \uc131\uae09\ud55c \ub450\ub824\uc6c0\uc740 \ud53c\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc544\uc9c1\uc740 \ubc94\uc6a9 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uac00 \uac1c\ubc1c\ub41c \uac8c \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud2b9\uc815 \uacfc\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud588\uace0, \uc5f0\uc0b0 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\ub97c \ub192\uc5ec\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ub4f1 \ucd94\uac00 \uacfc\uc81c\uac00 \ub9ce\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc815 \ucc45\uc784\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0\uc740 &#8220;\uc774\ubc88 \uc5f0\uad6c \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \uc774 \ubd84\uc57c\uc758 &#8216;\ubb38\uc0f7(\ubbf8\uad6d \uc544\ud3f4\ub85c\uacc4\ud68d\uc758 \ubcc4\uba85. \uadf9\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uacfc\uac10\ud55c \ub3c4\uc57d\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8)&#8217;\uc73c\ub85c \uc758\ubbf8\uac00 \ud06c\ub2e4&#8221;\uba70 &#8220;\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uc644\uc131\uc5d0 \uc544\uc9c1 10\uc5ec \ub144 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ub354 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\ub3c4 \ubd84\uba85\ud574\uc9c4 \uacc4\uae30&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131\uc774 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uac00 \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub97c \uc555\ub3c4\ud558\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\ub3c4 \uc0c8\uae38 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c\uac00 21\uc77c \uac8c\uc2dc\ud55c \uae00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5d0\ub4dc\uc708 \ud398\ub4dc\ub178\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">IBM<\/span>\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \uc11d\uc88c\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0 \ub4f1\uc740 \u201c\uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uc640 \uae30\uc874 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub294 \uac01\uc790\uc758 \uace0\uc720\ud55c \uac15\uc810\uc774 \uc788\uae30\uc5d0 \ud55c\ucabd\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \ucabd\uc758 \uc6b0\uc704\uc5d0 \uc11c\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc624\ud788\ub824 \ud611\uc5c5\ud558\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\u201d\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\u25a0\uc6a9\uc5b4 \uc124\uba85 : \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130<\/p>\n<p>\uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub294 \uad00\uce21 \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc591\uc790\uac00 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ud2b9\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4\ub294 &#8216;\uc911\ucca9\uc131&#8217;\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc591\uc790\uc5ed\ud559\uc801 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub2e4. \ubb3c\uc9c8 \uc774\uc628, \uc804\uc790 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc785\uc790\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uc591\uc790\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e0 \ub4a4 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uac1c\uc758 \uc591\uc790\ub97c \uc11c\ub85c \uad00\ub828\uc131\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2c8\ub3c4\ub85d \ubb36\ub294\ub2e4(\uc774\ub7f0 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub97c &#8216;\uc5bd\ud798&#8217;\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4). \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uc591\uc790\ub97c \uc81c\uc5b4\ud574 \uc815\ubcf4 \ub2e8\uc704\ub85c \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc815\ubcf4\ub2e8\uc704\uac00 \ud050\ube44\ud2b8\ub2e4. \ub514\uc9c0\ud138\uc758 \uc815\ubcf4\ub2e8\uc704 \ube44\ud2b8\ub294 0 \ub610\ub294 1\uc758 \ubd84\uba85\ud55c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uac12\uc744 \uac16\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc591\uc790\uc815\ubcf4\ub294 \uad00\uce21 \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 0\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0 1\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uae30\uc5d0 \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5ec\ub7ff \ubaa8\uc774\uba74 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ub9c9\ub300\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ud55c\uaebc\ubc88\uc5d0 \ubcd1\ub82c\ub85c \ucc98\ub9ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. 2\uac1c\uc758 \ud050\ube44\ud2b8\ub97c \uc608\ub85c \ub4e4\uba74, \uae30\uc874\uc758 \ube44\ud2b8\ub294 00, 01, 10, 11\uc758 \ub124 \uc815\ubcf4\uac12 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc \ucc98\ub9ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud050\ube44\ud2b8\ub294 \ub124 \uac1c\ub97c \ubaa8\ub450 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"http:\/\/dongascience.donga.com\/news\/view\/31949\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>A programmable quantum computer has been reported to outperform the most powerful conventional computers in a specific task \u2014 a milestone in computing comparable in importance to the Wright brothers\u2019 first flights.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<p>Quantum computers promise to perform certain tasks much faster than ordinary (classical) computers. In essence, a quantum computer carefully orchestrates quantum effects (superposition, entanglement and interference) to explore a huge computational space and ultimately converge on a solution, or solutions, to a problem. If the numbers of quantum bits (qubits) and operations reach even modest levels, carrying out the same task on a state-of-the-art supercomputer becomes intractable on any reasonable timescale \u2014 a regime termed quantum computational supremacy<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>. However, reaching this regime requires a robust quantum processor, because each additional imperfect operation incessantly chips away at overall performance. It has therefore been questioned whether a sufficiently large quantum computer could ever be controlled in practice. But now, in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1666-5\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1666-5\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">a paper in\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i><\/a>, Arute\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0report quantum supremacy using a 53-qubit processor.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1666-5\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03173-4\/d41586-019-03173-4_17291270.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Read the paper: Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Arute and colleagues chose a task that is related to random-number generation: namely, sampling the output of a pseudo-random quantum circuit. This task is implemented by a sequence of operational cycles, each of which applies operations called gates to every qubit in an\u00a0<i>n<\/i>-qubit processor. These operations include randomly selected single-qubit gates and prescribed two-qubit gates. The output is then determined by measuring each qubit.<\/p>\n<p>The resulting strings of 0s and 1s are not uniformly distributed over all 2<sup><i>n<\/i><\/sup>\u00a0possibilities. Instead, they have a preferential, circuit-dependent structure \u2014 with certain strings being much more likely than others because of quantum entanglement and quantum interference. Repeating the experiment and sampling a sufficiently large number of these solutions results in a distribution of likely outcomes. Simulating this probability distribution on a classical computer using even today\u2019s leading algorithms becomes exponentially more challenging as the number of qubits and operational cycles is increased.<\/p>\n<p>In their experiment, Arute\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0used a quantum processor dubbed Sycamore. This processor comprises 53 individually controllable qubits, 86 couplers (links between qubits) that are used to turn nearest-neighbour two-qubit interactions on or off, and a scheme to measure all of the qubits simultaneously. In addition, the authors used 277 digital-to-analog converter devices to control the processor.<\/p>\n<p>When all the qubits were operated simultaneously, each single-qubit and two-qubit gate had approximately 99\u201399.9% fidelity \u2014 a measure of how similar an actual outcome of an operation is to the ideal outcome. The attainment of such fidelities is one of the remarkable technical achievements that enabled this work. Arute and colleagues determined the fidelities using a protocol known as cross-entropy benchmarking (XEB). This protocol was introduced last year<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">3<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and offers certain advantages over other methods for diagnosing systematic and random errors.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-00647-3\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03173-4\/d41586-019-03173-4_17291268.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Promising ways to encode and manipulate quantum information<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The authors\u2019 demonstration of quantum supremacy involved sampling the solutions from a pseudo-random circuit implemented on Sycamore and then comparing these results to simulations performed on several powerful classical computers, including the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee (see\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/go.nature.com\/35zfbuu\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"http:\/\/go.nature.com\/35zfbuu\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">go.nature.com\/35zfbuu<\/a>). Summit is currently the world\u2019s leading supercomputer, capable of carrying out about 200 million billion operations per second. It comprises roughly 40,000 processor units, each of which contains billions of transistors (electronic switches), and has 250 million gigabytes of storage. Approximately 99% of Summit\u2019s resources were used to perform the classical sampling.<\/p>\n<p>Verifying quantum supremacy for the sampling problem is challenging, because this is precisely the regime in which classical simulations are infeasible. To address this issue, Arute\u00a0<i>et al.\u00a0<\/i>first carried out experiments in a classically verifiable regime using three different circuits: the full circuit, the patch circuit and the elided circuit (Fig. 1). The full circuit used all\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u00a0qubits and was the hardest to simulate. The patch circuit cut the full circuit into two patches that each had about\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\/2 qubits and were individually much easier to simulate. Finally, the elided circuit made limited two-qubit connections between the two patches, resulting in a level of computational difficulty that is intermediate between those of the full circuit and the patch circuit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03173-4\/d41586-019-03173-4_17297150.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03173-4\/d41586-019-03173-4_17297150.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\"><b>Figure 1 | Three types of quantum circuit.<\/b>\u00a0Arute\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0demonstrate that a quantum processor containing 53 quantum bits (qubits) and 86 couplers (links between qubits) can complete a specific task much faster than an ordinary computer can simulate the same task. Their demonstration is based on three quantum circuits: the full circuit, the patch circuit and the elided circuit. The full circuit comprises all 53 qubits and is the hardest to simulate on an ordinary computer. The patch circuit cuts the full circuit into two patches that are each relatively easy to simulate. Finally, the elided circuit links these two patches using a reduced number of two-qubit operations along reintroduced two-qubit connections and is intermediate between the full and patch circuits, in terms of its ease of simulation.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The authors selected a simplified set of two-qubit gates and a limited number of cycles (14) to produce full, patch and elided circuits that could be simulated in a reasonable amount of time. Crucially, the classical simulations for all three circuits yielded consistent XEB fidelities for up to\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u00a0= 53 qubits, providing evidence that the patch and elided circuits serve as good proxies for the full circuit. The simulations of the full circuit also matched calculations that were based solely on the individual fidelities of the single-qubit and two-qubit gates. This finding indicates that errors remain well described by a simple, localized model, even as the number of qubits and operations increases.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Arute and colleagues\u2019 longest, directly verifiable measurement was performed on the full circuit (containing 53 qubits) over 14 cycles. The quantum processor took one million samples in 200 seconds to reach an XEB fidelity of 0.8% (with a sensitivity limit of roughly 0.1% owing to the sampling statistics). By comparison, performing the sampling task at 0.8% fidelity on a classical computer (containing about one million processor cores) took 130 seconds, and a precise classical verification (100% fidelity) took 5 hours. Given the immense disparity in physical resources, these results already show a clear advantage of quantum hardware over its classical counterpart.<\/p>\n<p>The authors then extended the circuits into the not-directly-verifiable supremacy regime. They used a broader set of two-qubit gates to spread entanglement more widely across the full 53-qubit processor and increased the number of cycles from 14 to 20. The full circuit could not be simulated or directly verified in a reasonable amount of time, so Arute\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0simply archived these quantum data for future reference \u2014 in case extremely efficient classical algorithms are one day discovered that would enable verification. However, the patch-circuit, elided-circuit and calculated XEB fidelities all remained in agreement. When 53 qubits were operating over 20 cycles, the XEB fidelity calculated using these proxies remained greater than 0.1%. Sycamore sampled the solutions in a mere 200 seconds, whereas classical sampling at 0.1% fidelity would take 10,000 years, and full verification would take several million years.<\/p>\n<p>This demonstration of quantum supremacy over today\u2019s leading classical algorithms on the world\u2019s fastest supercomputers is truly a remarkable achievement and a milestone for quantum computing. It experimentally suggests that quantum computers represent a model of computing that is fundamentally different from that of classical computers<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">4<\/a><\/sup>. It also further combats criticisms<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0about the controllability and viability of quantum computation in an extraordinarily large computational space (containing at least the 2<sup>53<\/sup>\u00a0states used here).<\/p>\n<p>However, much work is needed before quantum computers become a practical reality. In particular, algorithms will have to be developed that can be commercialized and operate on the noisy (error-prone) intermediate-scale quantum processors that will be available in the near term<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>. And researchers will need to demonstrate robust protocols for quantum error correction that will enable sustained, fault-tolerant operation in the longer term.<\/p>\n<p>Arute and colleagues\u2019 demonstration is in many ways reminiscent of the Wright brothers\u2019 first flights. Their aeroplane, the\u00a0<i>Wright Flyer<\/i>, wasn\u2019t the first airborne vehicle to fly, and it didn\u2019t solve any pressing transport problem. Nor did it herald the widespread adoption of planes or mark the beginning of the end for other modes of transport. Instead, the event is remembered for having shown a new operational regime \u2014 the self-propelled flight of an aircraft that was heavier than air. It is what the event represented, rather than what it practically accomplished, that was paramount. And so it is with this first report of quantum computational supremacy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>574<\/strong>, 487-488 (2019)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"article-item__title serif\">A precarious milestone for quantum computing<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Quantum computing will suffer if supremacy is overhyped. Everyday quantum computers are still decades away.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03168-1\/d41586-019-03168-1_17298544.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers of the UCSB Google quantum computing group\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03168-1\/d41586-019-03168-1_17298544.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">Members of Google\u2019s AI quantum team, from left: Charles Neill, Pedram Roushan, Anthony Megrant and team leader John Martinis.<\/span>Credit: Matt Perko\/UCSB<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Researchers led by Google\u2019s AI Quantum team have demonstrated \u2018quantum supremacy\u2019 by creating a chip that performed a computational task faster than a classical computer. As we\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03213-z\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03213-z\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">report in this issue<\/a>, an achievement that the researchers say would have taken the world\u2019s fastest supercomputer 10,000 years was completed in under 3 minutes (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1666-5\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1666-5\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">F. Arute\u00a0<i>et al. Nature\u00a0<\/i><b>574<\/b>, 505\u2013510; 2019<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>As the world digests this achievement \u2014 including the claim that some quantum computational tasks are beyond supercomputers \u2014 it is too early to say whether supremacy represents a new dawn for information technology. It could be that we are looking at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">quantum computing\u2019s Kitty Hawk moment<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 a reference to the many decades between the Wright brothers\u2019 first flight at Kitty Hawk in North Carolina, in 1903 and the advent of the jet age. At the very least, quantum computers as a routine part of life are likely to be decades or more into the future.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><\/aside>\n<p>Still, this achievement in science and engineering should certainly not be underestimated. Research teams around the world have been working intensely to unleash the processing power of quantum phenomena: these include superposition, in which particles seem to have multiple states until they are observed; and entanglement, which describes how the properties of quantum systems can be tied together. If these behaviours can be more precisely controlled, they would generate exponential gains in processing power for certain tasks compared with today\u2019s supercomputers. And that is what the team at Google has achieved.<\/p>\n<p>Its chip, known as Sycamore, comprises just 53 individually controllable superconducting quantum bits (qubits), the basic building blocks of quantum computers. The team chose to calculate the outputs of a random quantum circuit \u2014 rather like a quantum random number generator. This is not an easy problem, and the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, the world\u2019s most powerful machine in its class, would have taken 10 millennia to complete it, the researchers say. Sycamore needed only 200 seconds.<\/p>\n<p>Summit can call on more than 9,000 of the most powerful central processing units (8 billion transistors in each) and nearly 28,000 graphics processors (21 billion transistors each). With such raw computing power outgunned by just 53 qubits, it\u2019s understandable that quantum computers are generating such excitement and optimism.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03173-4\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03168-1\/d41586-019-03168-1_17296664.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Quantum computing takes flight<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>But this demonstration of quantum supremacy is extremely limited. There\u2019s a vast gap to be bridged before quantum computers can do more meaningful things \u2014 such as simulating the properties of materials or chemical reactions, or accelerating drug discovery.<\/p>\n<p>For one thing, quantum computers are highly sensitive to environmental noise \u2014 including everyday phenomena such as temperature changes and electromagnetic fields. And researchers are a long way from being able to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02936-3\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02936-3\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">design out these and other obstacles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Instead of proceeding with caution, a quantum gold rush is under way, with investors joining governments and companies to pour\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02935-4\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02935-4\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">large sums of money into developing quantum technologies<\/a>. Unrealistic expectations are being fuelled that powerful general-purpose quantum computers could soon be on the horizon. Such misguided optimism could be dangerous for the future of this still-fledgling field.<\/p>\n<p>Such a landscape has created a flourishing network of quantum technologists, but those providing the funding will eventually seek a return on investment. There are already concerns that some firms are over-promising, which is why over-hyping this landmark demonstration could raise expectations further. Researchers fear that, if quantum computers fail to deliver anything useful soon, a \u2018quantum winter\u2019 could descend in which research progress slows, investment stalls and disillusion sets in.<\/p>\n<p>The powerful processors that underpin today\u2019s devices such as smartphones were developed from decades of sustained investment \u2014 often public investment \u2014 in research. Quantum processors will similarly require what innovation economists call \u2018patient capital\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Too often in the history of science and technology, expectations are raised, only for reality to get in the way. Quantum computers are still near the start of a long and unpredictable journey. As they encounter challenges and costs start to mount, researchers must know that they can reach their destination.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>574<\/strong>, 453-454 (2019)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03168-1?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"article-item__title serif\">Hello quantum world! Google publishes landmark quantum supremacy claim<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>The company says that its quantum computer is the first to perform a calculation that would be practically impossible for a classical machine.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03213-z\/d41586-019-03213-z_17301930.jpg\" alt=\"Optical image of the Sycamore chip.\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03213-z\/d41586-019-03213-z_17301930.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">The Sycamore chip is composed of 54 qubits, each made of superconducting loops.<\/span>Credit: Erik Lucero<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Scientists at Google say that they have achieved quantum supremacy, a long-awaited milestone in quantum computing. The announcement, published in\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i>\u00a0on 23 October, follows a leak of an early version of the paper five weeks ago, which Google did not comment on at the time.<\/p>\n<p>In a world first, a team led by John Martinis, an experimental physicist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Google in Mountain View, California, says that its quantum computer carried out a specific calculation that is beyond the practical capabilities of regular, \u2018classical\u2019 machines<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03213-z?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>. The same calculation would take even the best classical supercomputer 10,000 years to complete, Google estimates.<\/p>\n<p>Quantum supremacy has long been seen as a milestone because it proves that quantum computers can outperform classical computers, says Martinis. Although the advantage has now been proved only for a very specific case, it shows physicists that quantum mechanics works as expected when harnessed in a complex problem.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt looks like Google has given us the first experimental evidence that quantum speed-up is achievable in a real-world system,\u201d says Michelle Simmons, a quantum physicist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia.<\/p>\n<p>Martinis likens the experiment to a &#8216;Hello World&#8217; programme, which tests a new system by instructing it to display that phrase; it&#8217;s not especially useful in itself, but it tells Google that the quantum hardware and software are working correctly, he says.<\/p>\n<p>The feat was first reported in September by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/b9bb4e54-dbc1-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/b9bb4e54-dbc1-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17\" data-track-category=\"body text link\"><i>Financial Times<\/i><\/a>\u00a0and other outlets, after an early version of the paper was leaked on the website of NASA, which collaborates with Google on quantum computing, before being quickly taken down. At that time, the company did not confirm that it had written the paper, nor would it comment on the stories.<\/p>\n<p>Although the calculation Google chose \u2014 checking the outputs from a quantum random-number generator \u2014 has limited practical applications, \u201cthe scientific achievement is huge, assuming it stands, and I\u2019m guessing it will\u201d, says Scott Aaronson, a theoretical computer scientist at the University of Texas at Austin.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers outside Google are already trying to improve on the classical algorithms used to tackle the problem, in hopes of bringing down the firm&#8217;s 10,000-year estimate. IBM, a rival to Google in building the world\u2019s best quantum computers, reported in a preprint on 21 October that the problem could be solved in just 2.5 days using a different classical technique<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03213-z?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>. That paper has not been peer reviewed. If IBM is correct, it would reduce Google\u2019s feat to demonstrating a quantum \u2018advantage\u2019 \u2014 doing a calculation much faster than a classical computer, but not something that is beyond its reach. This would still be a significant landmark, says Simmons. \u201cAs far as I\u2019m aware, that\u2019s the first time that\u2019s been demonstrated, so that\u2019s definitely a big result.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"ratio--16-9\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vTYp5Kd9nMA\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Quick solutions<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Quantum computers work in a fundamentally different way from classical machines: a classical bit is either a 1 or a 0, but a quantum bit, or qubit, can exist in multiple states at once. When qubits are inextricably linked, physicists can, in theory, exploit the interference between their wave-like quantum states to perform calculations that might otherwise take millions of years.<\/p>\n<p>Physicists think that quantum computers might one day run revolutionary algorithms that could, for example, search unwieldy databases or factor large numbers \u2014 including, importantly, those used in encryption. But those applications are still decades away. The more qubits are linked, the harder it is to maintain their fragile states while the device is operating. Google\u2019s algorithm runs on a quantum chip composed of 54 qubits, each made of superconducting loops. But this is a tiny fraction of the one million qubits that could be needed for a general-purpose machine.<\/p>\n<p>The task Google set for its quantum computer is \u201ca bit of a weird one\u201d, says Christopher Monroe, a physicist at the University of Maryland in College Park. Google physicists first crafted the problem in 2016, and it was designed to be extremely difficult for an ordinary computer to solve. The team challenged its computer, known as Sycamore, to describe the likelihood of different outcomes from a quantum version of a random-number generator. They do this by running a circuit that passes 53 qubits through a series of random operations. This generates a 53-digit string of 1s and 0s \u2014 with a total of 2<sup>53<\/sup>\u00a0possible combinations (only 53 qubits were used because one of Sycamore\u2019s 54 was broken). The process is so complex that the outcome is impossible to calculate from first principles, and is therefore effectively random. But owing to interference between qubits, some strings of numbers are more likely to occur than others. This is similar to rolling a loaded die \u2014 it still produces a random number, even though some outcomes are more likely than others.<\/p>\n<p>Sycamore calculated the probability distribution by sampling the circuit \u2014 running it one million times and measuring the observed output strings. The method is similar to rolling the die to reveal its bias. In one sense, says Monroe, the machine is doing something scientists do every day: using an experiment to find the answer to a quantum problem that is impossible to calculate classically. The key difference, he says, is that Google\u2019s computer is not single-purpose, but programmable, and could be applied to a quantum circuit with any settings.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03213-z\/d41586-019-03213-z_17300356.jpg\" alt=\"Memner of the Google quantum team work on a cryostat\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03213-z\/d41586-019-03213-z_17300356.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">Google&#8217;s quantum computer excels at checking the outputs of a quantum random number generator.<\/span>Credit: Erik Lucero<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Verifying the solution was a further challenge. To do that, the team compared the results with those from simulations of smaller and simpler versions of the circuits, which were done by classical computers \u2014 including the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. Extrapolating from these examples, the Google team estimates that simulating the full circuit would take 10,000 years even on a computer with one million processing units (equivalent to around 100,000 desktop computers). Sycamore took just 3 minutes and 20 seconds.<\/p>\n<p>Google thinks their evidence for quantum supremacy is airtight. Even if external researchers cut the time it takes to do the classical simulation, quantum hardware is improving \u2014 meaning that for this problem, conventional computers are unlikely to ever catch up, says Hartmut Neven, who runs Google\u2019s quantum-computing team.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Limited applications<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Monroe says that Google\u2019s achievement might benefit quantum computing by attracting more computer scientists and engineers to the field. But he also warns that the news could create the impression that quantum computers are closer to mainstream practical applications than they really are. \u201cThe story on the street is \u2018they\u2019ve finally beaten a regular computer: so here we go, two years and we\u2019ll have one in our house\u2019,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>In reality, Monroe adds, scientists are yet to show that a programmable quantum computer can solve a useful task that cannot be done any other way, such as by calculating the electronic structure of a particular molecule \u2014 a fiendish problem that requires modelling multiple quantum interactions. Another important step, says Aaronson, is demonstrating quantum supremacy in an algorithm that uses a process known as error correction \u2014 a method to correct for noise-induced errors that would otherwise ruin a calculation. Physicists think this will be essential to getting quantum computers to function at scale.<\/p>\n<p>Google is working towards both of these milestones, says Martinis, and will reveal the results of its experiments in the coming months.<\/p>\n<p>Aaronson says that the experiment Google devised to demonstrate quantum supremacy might have practical applications: he has created a protocol to use such a calculation to prove to a user that the bits generated by a quantum random-number generator really are random. This could be useful, for example, in cryptography and some cryptocurrencies, whose security relies on random keys.<\/p>\n<p>Google engineers had to carry out a raft of improvements to their hardware to run the algorithm, including building new electronics to control the quantum circuit and devising a new way to connect qubits, says Martinis. \u201cThis is really the basis of how we\u2019re going to scale up in the future. We think this basic architecture is the way forward,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>574<\/strong>, 461-462 (2019)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-019-03213-z<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03213-z?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; \ub17c\ub780\uc758 \uad6c\uae00 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uce69 \ub4dc\ub514\uc5b4 \uacf5\uac1c&#8230;&#8221;\uc591\uc790\uc6b0\uc6d4\uc131 \ub2ec\uc131\ud588\ub2e4&#8221; &nbsp; &nbsp; \uad6c\uae00 &#8216;\ub124\uc774\ucc98&#8217; \ub17c\ubb38 \ubc1c\ud45c&#8230;\ub09c\uc218 \uc99d\uba85 \ud2b9\uc815 \uacfc\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc288\ud37c\ucef4 \ub2a5\uac00 \ud655\uc778 &nbsp; \uad6c\uae00\uc774 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \uae30\uc874<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4545\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[42,38,35,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-06---07---","category-38","category-lets-do-computer-science","category-lets-do-science"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2110,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2110","url_meta":{"origin":4545,"position":0},"title":"\u2018\uafc8\uc758 \uae30\uc220\u2019 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130, \uc5b4\ub514\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc654\ub098","author":"biochemistry","date":"October 31, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\uc0ac\uc9c4=\uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ud22c\ub370\uc774 \u00a0 \uc138\uacc4\uac00 \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc5d0 \ud314\uc744 \uac77\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub294 \ud604\uc7ac \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc\ub144\uc774 \uac78\ub9ac\ub294 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc744 \ub2e8 \uba87\ucd08\ub9cc\uc5d0 \ud574\ub0b4\ub294 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc131\ub2a5\uc744 \ubc1c\ud718\ud55c\ub2e4. \uacf5\ud559\u00b7\uacfc\ud559\u00b7\uc218\ud559 \ub4f1 \uae30\ucd08\ud559\ubb38 \ubd84\uc57c\ub294 \ubb3c\ub860 \ub0a0\uc528\u00b7\ucc9c\ubb38\u00b7\uc6b0\uc8fc\ud56d\uacf5 \ub4f1 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ud070 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \ubc1c\ud718\ud560 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc608\uc0c1\ub41c\ub2e4.\u00a0IBM, \uad6c\uae00, \uc778\ud154, \ub9c8\uc774\ud06c\ub85c\uc18c\ud504\ud2b8(MS) \ub4f1 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c\u00a0IT\uae30\uc5c5\uc744 \uc8fc\ucd95\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\uad6d\u00b7\uc911\uad6d\u00b7\uc77c\ubcf8\uc774 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc5f0\uad6c\uac1c\ubc1c \uc911\uc774\ub2e4. \uc591\uc790\ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub294 \uc5bd\ud798, \uc911\ucca9\uacfc \uac19\uc740\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":806,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=806","url_meta":{"origin":4545,"position":1},"title":"[\uad6c\uae00 I\/O 2018] \uc774\uc81c \uc9c4\uc9dc \ub9d0\uadc0\ub97c \uc54c\uc544\ub4e3\ub294 \uad6c\uae00 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 7, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38: \uc5ec\uae30\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~) \u00a0 \u00a0 8\uc77c (\ud604\uc9c0\uc2dc\uac01) \uad6c\uae00I\/O 2018\uc774 \uc5f4\ub838\ub2e4. \uc7a5\uc18c\ub294 \uc9c0\ub09c\ud574\uc640 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uad6c\uae00 \ubcf8\uc0ac \ubc14\ub85c \uc606\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc1fc\ub77c\uc778 \uc570\ud53c\uc528\uc5b4\ud130\uc600\ub2e4. \uc21c\ub2e4 \ud53c\ucc28\uc774 \uad6c\uae00 CEO\ub294 \uc5ec\uc720\ub86d\uac8c \ubb34\ub300 \uc704\uc5d0 \uc62c\ub790\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac00 \uc774 \ucee4\ub2e4\ub780 \ud0a4\ub178\ud2b8\ub97c \uc774\ub04c\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c \uac83\ub3c4 \ubc8c\uc368 5\ub144\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.\u00a0\ud2b9\uc720\uc758 \uc9c4\uc9c0\ud568\uacfc \uae34\uc7a5 \ub300\uc2e0 \ub18d\ub2f4\uc744 \ub358\uc9c0\uba74\uc11c \uc774 \ucd95\uc81c\uc758 \ubd84\uc704\uae30\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uac83\ub3c4\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Computer Science!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Computer Science!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=35"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/1111-1-300x188.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":342,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=342","url_meta":{"origin":4545,"position":2},"title":"\uc54c\ud30c\uace0 \ucda9\uaca9 2\ub144, \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \ud604\uc8fc\uc18c","author":"biochemistry","date":"May 30, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2016\ub144 3\uc6d4 9\uc77c\ubd80\ud130 15\uc77c\uae4c\uc9c0, \uc54c\ud30c\uace0\uc758 \uc2b9\ub9ac\ub85c \ub05d\ub09c \uc54c\ud30c\uace0 \ub300 \uc774\uc138\ub3cc\uc758 \ub525\ub9c8\uc778\ub4dc \ucc4c\ub9b0\uc9c0 \ub9e4\uce58\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \uadf8 \ud6c4 \uc774\ub7f0\uc800\ub7f0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. 2018\ub144 \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a8\uae4c? \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 https:\/\/m.post.naver.com\/viewer\/postView.nhn?volumeNo=14675601&memberNo=39094895 \u00a0 \u00a0 \ub6f0\ub294 AI, \uae30\ub294 \uc815\ucc45, \ub9c9\ub294 \uc815\ubd80 \u00a9 agkdesign, \ucd9c\ucc98 Unsplash \u00a0 2016\ub144\u00a03\uc6d4 9\uc77c. \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0 \uae30\ub85d\ub420 \uc138\uae30\uc758\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Computer Science!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Computer 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