![\"CRISPR-Cas9](\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03164-5\/d41586-019-03164-5_17286722.jpg\")
<\/div>\n<\/div>A new gene-editing tool called prime editing allows for greater precision and control over DNA edits compared to the popular CRISPR-Cas9 system (pictured).<\/span>Credit: Juan Gaertner\/SPL<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n For all the ease with which the wildly popular CRISPR\u2013Cas9 gene-editing tool alters genomes, it\u2019s still somewhat clunky and prone to errors and unintended effects. Now, a recently developed alternative offers greater control over genome edits \u2014 an advance that could be particularly important for developing gene therapies.<\/p>\n The alternative method, called prime editing, improves the chances that researchers will end up with only the edits they want, instead of a\u00a0mix of changes that they can\u2019t predict<\/a>. The tool, described in a study published on 21 October in\u00a0Nature<\/i>1<\/a><\/sup>, also reduces the \u2018off-target\u2019 effects that are a key challenge for some applications of the standard CRISPR\u2013Cas9 system. That could make prime-editing-based gene therapies safer for use in people.<\/p>\n The tool also seems capable of making a wider variety of edits, which might one day allow it to be used to treat the many genetic diseases that have so far stymied gene-editors.\u00a0David Liu<\/a>, a chemical biologist at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts and lead study author, estimates that prime editing might help researchers tackle nearly 90% of the more than 75,000 disease-associated DNA variants listed in ClinVar, a public database developed by the US National Institutes of Health.<\/p>\n The specificity of the changes that this latest tool is capable of could also make it easier for researchers to develop models of disease in the laboratory, or to study the function of specific genes, says Liu.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s early days, but the initial results look fantastic,\u201d says Brittany Adamson, who studies DNA repair and gene editing at Princeton University in New Jersey. \u201cYou\u2019re going to see a lot of people using it.\u201d<\/p>\n Prime editing may not be able to make the very big DNA insertions or deletions that CRISPR\u2013Cas9 is capable of \u2014 so it\u2019s unlikely to completely replace the well-established editing tool, says molecular biologist Erik Sontheimer at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester. That\u2019s because for prime editing, the change that a researcher wants to make is encoded on a strand of RNA. The longer that strand gets, the more likely it is to be damaged by enzymes in the cell.<\/p>\n \u201cDifferent flavours of genome-editing platforms are still going to be needed for different types of edits,\u201d says Sontheimer.<\/p>\n But prime editing appears to be more precise and versatile than\u00a0other CRISPR alternatives developed thus far<\/a>. Those include modified versions of CRISPR\u2013Cas9 that enable researchers to swap out one DNA letter for another, and older tools such as zinc-finger nucleases, which are difficult to tailor to each desired edit.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Freedom through control<\/strong><\/p>\n CRISPR\u2013Cas9 and prime editing both work by cutting DNA at a specific point in the genome. CRISPR\u2013Cas9 breaks both strands of the DNA double helix and then relies on the cell\u2019s own repair system to patch the damage and make the edits. But that repair system is unreliable and can insert or delete DNA letters at the points where the genome was cut. This can lead to an uncontrollable mixture of edits that vary between cells.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In addition, even when researchers include a template to guide how the genome is edited, the DNA repair system in most cells is far more likely to make those small, random insertions or deletions than to add a specific DNA sequence to the genome. That makes it difficult \u2014 and in some cases, nearly impossible \u2014 for researchers to use CRISPR\u2013Cas9 to overwrite one piece of DNA with a sequence of their choosing.<\/p>\n Prime editing bypasses these problems (see ‘Precision editor’). Although it also uses Cas9 to recognize specific DNA sequences \u2014 just like CRISPR\u2013Cas9 does \u2014 the Cas9 enzyme in the prime editing tool is modified to nick only one DNA strand. Then, a second enzyme called reverse transcriptase and guided by a strand of RNA, makes the edits at the site of the cut.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n The prime editing enzymes don\u2019t have to break both strands of DNA to make changes, freeing researchers from relying on the cell\u2019s DNA repair system \u2014 which they can\u2019t control \u2014 to make the edits that they want. This means that prime editing could enable the development of treatments for genetic diseases caused by mutations that aren\u2019t easily addressed by existing gene-editing tools.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A multipurpose tool<\/strong><\/p>\n Previously, researchers, including Liu, thought that they would need to develop gene-editing tools specific to each category of change they wanted to make in a genome: insertions, deletions or DNA letter substitutions. And the options were limited when it came to making precise substitutions.<\/p>\n An older technique, called\u00a0base editing<\/a>, which is comparable in precision to prime editing, chemically converts one DNA letter directly into another \u2014 something CRISPR\u2013Cas9 can\u2019t do \u2014 such as converting a T to an A or a G to a C, without breaking both DNA strands2<\/a><\/sup>. Developed by Liu, base-editing could be useful for correcting some genetic diseases caused by single-letter mutations, including the most common form of sickle-cell anaemia.<\/p>\n But base-editing can\u2019t help with genetic disorders caused by multi-letter mutations such as Tay\u2013Sachs disease, a usually fatal illness typically caused by the insertion of four DNA letters into the\u00a0HEXA<\/i>\u00a0gene.<\/p>\n So Liu and his colleagues set out to create a precise gene-editing tool that gave researchers the flexibility and control to make multiple types of edits without having to create bespoke systems. In 2018, the team hit on prime editing: a combination of enzymes, including a modified Cas9 enzyme, that could change individual DNA letters, delete letters, or insert a series of letters into a genome, with minimal damage to DNA strands.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s fantastic,\u201d says Sontheimer. \u201cThe breadth of the mutations that can be introduced is one of the biggest advances. That\u2019s huge.\u201d<\/p>\n But Liu\u2019s team and others will now need to carefully evaluate how well the system works in a variety of cells and organisms. \u201cThis first study is just the beginning \u2014 rather than the end \u2014 of a long-standing aspiration in the life sciences to be able to make any DNA change at any position in an organism,\u201d says Liu.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n Nature<\/span>\u00a0574<\/strong>, 464-465 (2019)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n (\uc6d0\ubb38: \uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \ud558\ubc84\ub4dc\u00b7MIT<\/span>\uc5f0\uad6c\ud300 \ub124\uc774\ucc98 \ubc1c\ud45c<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \ubb38\uc11c \uc791\uc131\ud558\ub4ef 7\ub9cc5\ucc9c\uc885 \uc9c8\ud658 \uce58\ub8cc\uc5d0 \uc0c8 \uae38<\/p>\n \ub3d9\uc2dd\ubb3c \ud488\uc885 \uac1c\ub7c9\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud65c\uc6a9<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \uc6cc\ub4dc\ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc11c\ub85c \uae00\uc790\ub97c \uc4f0\uace0 \uc9c0\uc6b0\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uc778\uccb4\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uc720\uc804\ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud558\ub098\ud558\ub098 \uc790\uc720\uc790\uc7ac\ub85c \ud3b8\uc9d1\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ucc28\uc138\ub300 \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uad50\uc815 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \ud0c4\uc0dd\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uba74 \ud604\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc9c8\ud658 \uc911 90%\ub97c \uce58\ub8cc\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\ub300\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uad50\uc815 \ubd84\uc57c\uc758 \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \uc11d\ud559\uc778 \ub370\uc774\ube44\ub4dc \ub958 \ubbf8\uad6d \ud558\ubc84\ub4dc\u00b7\ub9e4\uc0ac\ucd94\uc138\uce20\uacf5\ub300(MIT<\/span>) \ube0c\ub85c\ub4dc\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \uad50\uc218\uc640 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc9c4\uc740 21\uc77c(\ud604\uc9c0\uc2dc\uac04)\u00a0DNA<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc804\ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815 \uc5fc\uae30\ub098 \uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\uc744 \ub5bc\uc5c8\ub2e4 \ubd99\uc600\ub2e4 \ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uad50\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 ‘\ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130’\ub97c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uad6d\uc81c\ud559\uc220\uc9c0 \ub124\uc774\ucc98\uc5d0 \ubc1d\ud614\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uc774 \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uad50\uc815 \uae30\uc220\uc740\u00a0DNA<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub9cc \uc120\ud0dd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc798\ub77c\ub0b4 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uad50\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc874 3\uc138\ub300 ‘\ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c(CRISPR-Cas<\/span>9)’ \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uac00\uc704\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uace0 \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uad50\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc55e\uc73c\ub85c \uac01\uc885 \ub09c\uce58\uc131 \uc720\uc804\uc9c8\ud658 \uce58\ub8cc \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \ud68d\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub192\uc774\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860, \ub3d9\uc2dd\ubb3c \ud488\uc885 \uac1c\ub7c9\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ub110\ub9ac \ud65c\uc6a9\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ub958 \uad50\uc218\ub294 \uc774\ub0a0 \ub124\uc774\ucc98 \uc8fc\uad00 \uc5b8\ub860 \ube0c\ub9ac\ud551\uc5d0\uc11c “\uacfc\uac70 ‘\ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c’\uac00 \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uac00\uc704\uc774\uace0 ‘\uc5fc\uae30 \uad50\uc815’\uc774 \uc5f0\ud544\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba74 ‘\ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130’\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uc6cc\ub4dc\ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc11c”\ub77c\uba70 “\uc801\uc6a9 \ubc94\uc704\uac00 \uc774\uc804\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub113\uc5b4 \ud604\uc874 7\ub9cc5000\uc885\uc5d0 \ub2ec\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc9c8\ud658 \uc911 90%\ub97c \uce58\ub8cc\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83”\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \ub958 \uad50\uc218\uc758 \uc124\uba85\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\ub97c \ud65c\uc6a9\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\ub85c \ubb38\uc11c\ub97c \ud3b8\uc9d1\ud558\ub4ef \uc544\ub370\ub2cc(A)\uacfc \ud2f0\ubbfc(T), \uc2dc\ud1a0\uc2e0(C), \uad6c\uc544\ub2cc(G) \ub4f1 \uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uc720\uc804\ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \uc790\uc720\uc790\uc7ac\ub85c \ud3b8\uc9d1\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub300\ub2e4\uc218 \uc720\uc804\uc9c8\ud658\uc774 \ub2e8 \uba87 \uac1c \uc5fc\uae30\uac00 \ubc14\ub00c\uba74\uc11c \ubc1c\ubcd1\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc5d0 \ube44\ucdb0 \ubcfc \ub54c \uc720\uc804\ucf54\ub4dc \uad50\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc720\uc804\uc9c8\ud658 \uce58\ub8cc \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \ub300\ud3ed \ub192\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uc720\uc804\ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \uad50\uc815\ud574 \uace0\uce60 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub41c \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \uc9c8\ud658\uc774 \uacb8\uc0c1\uc801\ud608\uad6c\ube48\ud608\uc99d\uc774\ub2e4. \uacb8\uc0c1\uc801\ud608\uad6c\ube48\ud608\uc99d\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815 A \uc5fc\uae30 \ud558\ub098\uac00 T\ub85c \ubc14\ub00c\uc5c8\uc744 \ub54c \ubc1c\ubcd1\ud55c\ub2e4. \uce58\uba85\uc801\uc778 \uc2e0\uacbd\uacc4 \uc9c8\ud658\uc778 \ud14c\uc774\uc0ad\uc2a4\ubcd1\ub3c4 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub2e4. \ud14c\uc774\uc0ad\uc2a4\ubcd1\uc740 \ub2e8 4\uac1c \uc5fc\uae30\uac00\u00a0DNA<\/span>\uc5d0 \uc798\ubabb \uc0bd\uc785\ub420 \ub54c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub294 \uc9c8\ud658\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\uc758 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc7a5\uc810\uc740 \uae30\uc874 \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uac00\uc704\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \ub54c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub358 ‘\ud45c\uc801 \uc774\ud0c8’ \ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \ud68d\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc904\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c\ub294\u00a0DNA<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \ud2b9\uc815 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uc798\ub77c\ub0b8 \ub4a4 \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \uc138\ud3ec\uc758 \uc790\uc5f0\uc801\uc778\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\ubcf5\uad6c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud574 \uc720\uc804\uccb4\ub97c \uad50\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub7f0 \uc138\ud3ec\uc758\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\ubcf5\uad6c \uacfc\uc815\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc774 \uc81c\uc5b4\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uadf8 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc758\ub3c4\uce58 \uc54a\uc740 \uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\uc774 \uc0bd\uc785\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uc608\uc0c1\uce58 \ubabb\ud55c \ubd80\uc791\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\uc5b4 \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c \uc784\uc0c1 \uc801\uc6a9\uc5d0 \ud070 \uac78\ub9bc\ub3cc\uc774 \ub410\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\ub294 \uc6cc\ub4dc\ud504\ub85c\uc138\uc11c\uc5d0\uc11c \uae00\uc790\ub97c \uc4f0\uace0 \uc9c0\uc6b8 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\uc744 \uc9c1\uc811 \uac08\uc544 \ub07c\uc6cc \ub123\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uad50\uc815\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc815\ud655\uc131\uc774 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub192\ub2e4\ub294 \uac8c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc9c4\uc758 \uc124\uba85\uc774\ub2e4. \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\ub294 \ud45c\uc801 \ubd80\uc704\uc758\u00a0DNA<\/span>\ub97c \uc774\ub8e8\ub294 \uc774\uc911 \uac00\ub2e5 \uc911 \ud55c\ucabd \uac00\ub2e5\ub9cc \ub04a\uc5b4 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\uc744 \uc0bd\uc785\ud55c\ub2e4. \uae30\uc874\uc5d0 \uc774 \ubd80\uc704\uc5d0 \uc788\ub358 \uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\uc774 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838 \ub098\uac00\uba74 \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\uc758 ‘\uc5ed\uc804\uc0ac \ud6a8\uc18c'(\uc5fc\uae30\uac00 \uc30d\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\ub3c4\ub85d\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uac00\ub2e5\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \ud6a8\uc18c)\uac00 \uc0bd\uc785\ub41c \uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\uc758 \uc720\uc804\uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ud1a0\ub300\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c\ucabd\uc758\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uac00\ub2e5\uae4c\uc9c0 \uad50\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4.\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uc774\uc911 \uac00\ub2e5\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc790\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc138\ud3ec\uc758\u00a0DNA<\/span>\u00a0\ubcf5\uad6c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc744 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub9cc \ub958 \uad50\uc218\ub294 “\ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\uc758 \ubd84\uc790 \ud06c\uae30\ub294 \uc0c1\ub300\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud06c\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubc14\uc774\ub7ec\uc2a4 \ub4f1 \uc138\ud3ec\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc798 \uc804\ub2ec\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4”\uba70 “\ud5a5\ud6c4 \uc0b4\uc544 \uc788\ub294 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc5d0\uac8c \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\ub97c \uc8fc\uc785\ud574 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uad50\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc2e4\ud5d8\ub3c4 \uc9c4\ud589\ud560 \uac83”\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc124\uba85\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ub958 \uad50\uc218\ub294 2016\ub144 \uc138\uacc4 \ucd5c\ucd08\ub85c\u00a0DNA<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \ud2b9\uc815 \uc5fc\uae30 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \ubc14\uafc0 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 ‘\uc5fc\uae30 \uad50\uc815’ \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud574 \ud559\uacc4\ub97c \ub180\ub77c\uac8c \ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uae40\uc9c4\uc218 \uae30\ucd08\uacfc\ud559\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0(IBS<\/span>) \uc720\uc804\uccb4\uad50\uc815\uc5f0\uad6c\ub2e8\uc7a5\uc740 “\uc801\uc6a9 \ubc94\uc704\uac00 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub358 \uc5fc\uae30 \uad50\uc815\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \uadf9\ubcf5\ud55c \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uccb4 \uad50\uc815 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \ud55c \ud68d\uc744 \uadf8\uc744 \ub9cc\ud55c \ub300\ub2e8\ud55c \uc131\uacfc”\ub77c\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 “\uc720\uc804\uc790 \uc81c\uac70 \ub4f1\uc5d0\ub294 \uc544\uc9c1\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c\uac00 \uc880 \ub354 \uc720\uc6a9\ud55c \uce21\uba74\uc774 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\uac00 \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0c1\ud638 \ubcf4\uc644\uc801\uc778 \ub450 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \ud568\uaed8 \uc4f0\uc77c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4”\uace0 \ud3c9\uac00\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ub124\uc774\ucc98\ub294 \uc774\ubc88 \uc5f0\uad6c \uc131\uacfc\uc758 \ub3c5\ucc3d\uc131\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ud30c\uae09\ub825 \ub4f1\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574 \uc774\ub840\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc9c4\uc758 ‘\ud504\ub9ac\ubdf0 \ub17c\ubb38’\uc744 \uacf5\uac1c\ud588\ub2e4. \uc815\uc2dd \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 \uc624\ub294 28\uc77c\uc790 \ub124\uc774\ucc98 \uc628\ub77c\uc778\ud310\uc5d0 \uac8c\uc7ac\ub420 \uc608\uc815\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n (\uc6d0\ubb38: \uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \uc544\ub798\ub294 2022\ub144 7\uc6d4 1\uc77c \ub274\uc2a4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4~<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-03164-5\/d41586-019-03164-5_17295426.png\")
<\/div>\n<\/div>4\uc138\ub300 \uc720\uc804\uc790\uae30\uc220 `\ud504\ub77c\uc784 \uc5d0\ub514\ud130`\u2026\uc720\uc804\ubcd1 90% \uce58\ub8cc \uae38 \uc5f4\uc5b4<\/h5>\n
\nDNA<\/span>\u00a0\uc720\uc804\ucf54\ub4dc \uc790\uc720\ud3b8\uc9d1
\n\ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c \uac00\uc704\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc815\ud655\uc131\u2191<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/009\/2019\/10\/22\/0004449324_001_20191022210210393.jpg?type=w647\")
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![](\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/584\/2022\/07\/01\/0000019483_001_20220701112601876.jpg?type=w647\")
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