{"id":4189,"date":"2019-10-06T19:43:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-06T10:43:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=4189"},"modified":"2019-10-06T19:43:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-06T10:43:21","slug":"double-click-enables-synthesis-of-chemical-libraries-for-drug-discovery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4189","title":{"rendered":"Double-click enables synthesis of chemical libraries for drug discovery"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Operationally simple chemical reactions, termed click reactions, are widely used in many scientific fields. A streamlined synthesis of compounds called azides looks set to expand the role of click chemistry still further.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__aside align-right hide-print\">\n<div class=\"pdf__download shrink--aside\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"align-left\">\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<p>Generating molecules and materials that have desirable functional properties is arguably the central goal of synthetic chemistry. For example, drugs are developed to have a set of physical and pharmacological properties that can treat a specific disease safely.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1589-1\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1589-1\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Writing in\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i><\/a>, Meng\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0report a reagent that greatly simplifies the synthesis of compounds known as azides, and thereby opens up a remarkably straightforward route to making libraries of compounds that might have useful biological functions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1589-1\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02905-w\/d41586-019-02905-w_17226196.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Read the paper: Modular click chemistry libraries for functional screens using a diazotizing reagent<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Altering the structures of molecules to tune their properties is much more complicated than modifying objects in the everyday world. In carpentry, for instance, the same starting materials (timber, nails and screws) and tools (saws, hammers and screwdrivers) can be used to construct objects that have diverse shapes and functions, such as chairs, doors and crates. By contrast, building structural analogues of molecules often requires very different starting materials (reagents) and tools (reactions). The need to develop a range of synthetic routes to such analogues can be a bottleneck when optimizing functional molecular properties<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>, given that optimization can involve the laborious, resource-intensive synthesis of hundreds, or even thousands, of structural analogues.<\/p>\n<p>A way of streamlining the optimization of desired functional properties was formalized in 2001, in a concept known as click chemistry<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">3<\/a><\/sup>. A reaction is defined as click chemistry if it is operationally simple, is \u2018spring-loaded\u2019 (thermodynamically driven to produce a single product quickly), and generates new chemical bonds between two molecules. Ideally, the reactants should be used in a one-to-one ratio, rather than with an excess of one or more components (which is a common requirement for many reactions). Click reactions must be high-yielding, applicable to a broad range of compounds, and yet exceptionally selective, meaning that the chemical groups that undergo the reaction must react only with each other, and not with any other groups in the reactants. The product should also be easy to isolate or use without extensive purification. Although many synthetic reactions meet some of these criteria, surprisingly few meet all of them.<\/p>\n<p>In 2002, two research groups independently reported<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">5<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0that copper(i) salts are effective catalysts for reactions known as alkyne\u2013azide cycloadditions (the copper-catalysed reaction is abbreviated as CuAAC). These reactions link an azide group (N<sub>3<\/sub>) with the carbon\u2013carbon triple bond in an alkyne compound to form a triazole ring (Fig. 1). Because the CuAAC reaction fulfils all of the click criteria, it has become the poster child for click chemistry. It was the first click reaction to be widely adopted, and is now used in applications spanning many disciplines, from materials science to chemical biology<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR7\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02905-w\/d41586-019-02905-w_17221848.png\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02905-w\/d41586-019-02905-w_17221848.png\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\"><b>Figure 1 | A two-step click-chemistry sequence<\/b>.\u2002<b>a<\/b>, Meng\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0report that a reagent called fluorosulfuryl azide rapidly converts almost any primary amine into an azide at room temperature \u2014 a type of reaction known as diazotransfer. The reactions are fast and high yielding, and the reagent does not react with chemical groups other than amines; they therefore fulfil the criteria to be categorized as \u2018click\u2019 reactions.\u00a0<b>b<\/b>, The authors show that the resulting azide solution can be used without purification in a copper(i)-catalysed click reaction with alkynes (compounds that contain carbon\u2013carbon triple bonds) to produce products called triazoles, which are potentially useful in drug discovery. R, R\u02b9 and R\u02b9\u02b9 represent any chemical group or molecular fragment.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Several other click reactions have emerged over the past few years. Of particular note is one known as sulfur(vi)\u2013fluoride exchange (SuFEx), which links an oxygen or nitrogen atom to an SO<sub>2<\/sub>F group. SuFEx is generally recognized as a second category of click reaction<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR8\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR9\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">9<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(unlike other click reactions, it is not a cycloaddition process), and has been used in a diverse range of chemical transformations<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR9\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR10\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Despite the power of CuAAC reactions, their applications would be even broader if structurally complex, azide-containing compounds were more widely available. Conventionally, organic azides are synthesized by replacing a molecular fragment called a leaving group with an azide group; the leaving group can be a variety of chemical groups or just a single atom. However, the azide anions used in these substitution reactions are highly nucleophilic (electron-rich) and therefore very reactive. Substitutions with azide anions are thus often incompatible with having other chemical groups in the molecule. Furthermore, the leaving group often needs to be made in advance from an alcohol group (OH), which can be difficult or impossible to achieve selectively on molecules that contain many chemical groups.<\/p>\n<p>Alternatively, azides can be prepared from primary amines (compounds that contain NH<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0groups) by a \u2018diazotransfer\u2019 reaction. Until now, the state-of-the-art reagent used to carry out diazotransfer had been trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR11\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">11<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(CF<sub>3<\/sub>SO<sub>2<\/sub>N<sub>3<\/sub>). However, the reactions often require an excess of this reagent, are slow, and do not always proceed to completion, with 60\u201370% as the typical yield.<\/p>\n<p>Meng\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>. have addressed these limitations by developing a more efficient diazotransfer reagent, fluorosulfuryl azide (FSO<sub>2<\/sub>N<sub>3<\/sub>). They report that it reacts with almost any primary amine in a one-to-one ratio, achieving a nearly 100% yield of the corresponding azide. The authors demonstrated the reagent\u2019s substrate scope and practicality by using it to make a library of 1,224 azides in 96-well plates. It is notable that 49% of these azides had not been synthesized before, according to the authors\u2019 literature search.<\/p>\n<p>The number of azides synthesized is impressive (see Supplementary Information Section 6 of the paper<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0for a full list), but the most striking aspect of this study is the substrate scope: the reaction works for different amine subclasses, on complex molecules, and in the presence of various chemical groups. Moreover, Meng and colleagues\u2019 diazotransfer reaction meets the speed, breadth and efficiency criteria for click chemistry.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the authors demonstrated that the prepared azide solutions can be used directly in CuAAC reactions. This opens the door to a highly efficient and general two-step method for converting primary amines \u2014 a common chemical group in organic molecules \u2014 into triazoles. Notably, this method does not require the amines to be modified in advance to prevent unwanted side reactions at other chemical groups; nor does it require the intermediate azides to be purified.<\/p>\n<p>Triazoles are functional mimics of the amide bond<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR12\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">12<\/a><\/sup>, which is found in many pharmaceutical agents and in all proteins. Triazoles can also function as surrogates for sugars in polysaccharides<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR13\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">13<\/a><\/sup>. Meng and co-workers\u2019 chemistry could therefore be used to synthesize well-characterized libraries of complex small molecules and biomacromolecules from readily available precursors. More broadly, the work brings us a step closer to the vision laid out by the pioneers of click chemistry<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">5<\/a><\/sup>: the development of a few operationally simple reactions that use common precursors to rapidly generate diverse libraries of (bio)molecules that have desirable functional properties.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>574<\/strong>, 42-43 (2019)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-019-02905-w<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02905-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Operationally simple chemical reactions, termed click reactions, are widely used in many scientific fields. A streamlined synthesis of compounds called azides looks set<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4189\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[34,29,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lets-do-chemistry","category-lets-do-science","category-recent-science-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3411,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3411","url_meta":{"origin":4189,"position":0},"title":"Automation: Chemistry shoots for the Moon","author":"biochemistry","date":"April 23, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 A new class of chemical instrumentation seeks to alleviate the tedium and complexity of organic syntheses. \u00a0 A machine for synthesizing small molecules at the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign relies on syringe pumps to push reagents into reaction stations.Credit: L. Brian Stauffer, Univ. Illinois \u00a0 \u00a0 In\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3775,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3775","url_meta":{"origin":4189,"position":1},"title":"The digitization of organic synthesis","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 17, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Abstract Organic chemistry has largely been conducted in an ad hoc manner by academic laboratories that are funded by grants directed towards the investigation of specific goals or hypotheses. Although modern synthetic methods can provide access to molecules of considerable complexity, predicting the outcome of a single chemical\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2995,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2995","url_meta":{"origin":4189,"position":2},"title":"The construction of supramolecular systems","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 29, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Self-assembly by intermolecular noncovalent interactions directed by self-recognition created the field of supramolecular chemistry (1). However, the word \u201cself\u201d appears to limit this field to mixing components in one assembly step where most of the complexity is inherent in the covalently synthesized reactants, rather than the result of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2551,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2551","url_meta":{"origin":4189,"position":3},"title":"Synthetic innovation in drug development","author":"biochemistry","date":"January 19, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Chemical synthesis plays a key role in pharmaceutical research and development. Campos\u00a0et al.\u00a0review some of the advantages that have come from recent innovations in synthetic methods. In particular, they highlight small-molecule catalysts stimulated by visible light, enzymes engineered for versatility beyond their intrinsic function, and bio-orthogonal reactions to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2940,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2940","url_meta":{"origin":4189,"position":4},"title":"Charting a course for chemistry","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 23, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 To mark the occasion of\u00a0Nature Chemistry\u00a0turning 10 years old, we asked scientists working in different areas of chemistry to tell us what they thought the most exciting, interesting or challenging aspects related to the development of their main field of research will be \u2014 here is what they\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4185,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4185","url_meta":{"origin":4189,"position":5},"title":"Lab-made primordial soup yields RNA bases &#038; RNA nucleosides built in one prebiotic pot","author":"biochemistry","date":"October 6, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 The chemical feat strengthens theory that the first life on Earth was based on RNA. \u00a0 \u00a0 RNA has been synthesized in conditions that may have resembled those on the early Earth.Credit: Alamy \u00a0 \u00a0 If Thomas Carell is right, around 4 billion years ago, much of Earth\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;'05. \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc758 \uc9c4\ud654' \uad00\ub828&quot;","block_context":{"text":"'05. \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc758 \uc9c4\ud654' \uad00\ub828","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=41"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9Xo1j-15z","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4189","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4189"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4189\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4190,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4189\/revisions\/4190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4189"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4189"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}