{"id":4116,"date":"2019-09-23T18:39:46","date_gmt":"2019-09-23T09:39:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=4116"},"modified":"2019-09-23T18:39:46","modified_gmt":"2019-09-23T09:39:46","slug":"c-section-babies-are-missing-key-microbes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4116","title":{"rendered":"C-section babies are missing key microbes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>UK study provides the best evidence yet that the way infants are born can alter their microbiomes \u2014 but the health effects are unclear.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02807-x\/d41586-019-02807-x_17184242.jpg\" alt=\"Newborn child seconds and minutes after birth.\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02807-x\/d41586-019-02807-x_17184242.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">Babies born through the vaginal canal host different microbes compared with those delivered by c-section.<\/span>Credit: mustafagull\/Getty<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>How a baby is born has a profound impact on their\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/the-tantalizing-links-between-gut-microbes-and-the-brain-1.18557\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/the-tantalizing-links-between-gut-microbes-and-the-brain-1.18557\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">microbiome<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 the community of microbes that colonize the body.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s the finding of the largest ever study of the newborn microbiome, which offers the strongest evidence yet that children born through the vaginal canal carry different microbes from those delivered by caesarean section. Newborns delivered by c-section, the study found, tend to lack strains of gut bacteria found in healthy children and adults. Instead, their guts harbour harmful microbes that are common in hospitals.<\/p>\n<p>The study, which analysed nearly 600 births in the United Kingdom, did not look at whether these microbial differences can affect health later in life. But the presence of disease-causing bacteria is a concern, says Trevor Lawley, a microbiologist at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK, who led the work<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02807-x?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>, published in\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i>\u00a0on 18 September. \u201cThe level of colonization by health-care pathogens is shocking in these children. When I first saw the data, I couldn\u2019t believe it,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02348-3\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02807-x\/d41586-019-02807-x_17088098.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Do C-section babies need mum\u2019s microbes? Trials tackle controversial idea<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Previous research has hinted that babies delivered by c-section fail to acquire some of the microbes from their mothers that vaginally delivered children gain. This observation has led some parents to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/scientists-swab-c-section-babies-with-mothers-microbes-1.19275\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/scientists-swab-c-section-babies-with-mothers-microbes-1.19275\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">swab infants born by c-section with vaginal fluid<\/a>s, in an attempt to restore any missing microbes. But the practice, known as vaginal seeding, is controversial and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02348-3\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02348-3\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">its safety and effectiveness are unproven<\/a>. Lawley says limitations of past studies \u2014 such as their small size and limited sampling \u2014 means that it was not clear whether the way a baby is born affects their microbiota.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Distinct differences<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Working with midwives and doctors at three hospitals in London and Leicester, Lawley\u2019s team sampled and analysed the DNA of microbes found in the faeces of 596 babies \u2014 314 born vaginally and 282 by c-section \u2014 at 4, 7 and 21 days after birth.<\/p>\n<p>The differences between their gut microbiotas were clear-cut. Babies born by c-section lacked strains of commensal bacteria \u2014 those typically found in healthy individuals \u2014 whereas these bacteria made up most of the gut community of vaginally delivered infants. Instead, the guts of c-section babies were dominated by opportunistic bacteria such as\u00a0<i>Enterococcus<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Klebsiella<\/i>, which circulate in hospitals. The difference was so stark, Lawley says, that \u201cI could take a sample from a child and tell you with a high-level certainty how they were born.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/scientists-swab-c-section-babies-with-mothers-microbes-1.19275\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02807-x\/d41586-019-02807-x_17075394.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Scientists swab C-section babies with mothers&#8217; microbes<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Months after birth, however, the infants\u2019 microbiotas grew more similar \u2014 with the exception of a common genus of commensal bacteria called\u00a0<i>Bacteroides<\/i>. These bacteria were absent or present at very low levels in the microbiotas of nearly all c-section babies after birth. Nine months later, on average, around 60% of these babies still harboured few or no\u00a0<i>Bacteroides<\/i>\u00a0in their guts. Previous research has suggested that some species of\u00a0<i>Bacteroides<\/i>\u00a0influence the immune systems of their hosts and help to quell inflammation.<\/p>\n<p>To better assess the microbes that tended to colonize the guts of the c-section babies, Lawley\u2019s team cultured hundreds of bacteria strains from faecal samples. Genome sequencing identified genes responsible for antibiotic resistance and virulence, and confirmed that the strains were related to the opportunistic bacteria that tend to be found in hospitals.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Health effects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Lawley\u2019s study is part of larger effort, called the Baby Biome Study, which aims to follow thousands more newborns into childhood. Epidemiological studies have suggested that children born by c-section have an increased risk of asthma and obesity later in life. Lawley says that, by studying enough children, his team should be able to determine whether the mode of birth \u2014 and the accompanying changes in microbiota \u2014 are behind these health associations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/the-tantalizing-links-between-gut-microbes-and-the-brain-1.18557\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02807-x\/d41586-019-02807-x_15780558.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">The tantalizing links between gut microbes and the brain<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>But factors beyond the method of delivery probably contribute to the differences in microbiota, says Josef Neu, a neonatologist at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville. Mothers who have c-section births receive antibiotics that can cross the placenta. Their babies also tend to spend longer in hospital and receive microbe-filled breast milk later than infants born vaginally.<\/p>\n<p>Rob Knight, a microbiologist at the University of California, San Diego, says the study could help to identify specific microbe strains that could be given to c-section babies to make their microbiotas resemble those of vaginally delivered babies. He has previously conducted a small trial<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02807-x?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0of vaginal seeding, and he performed the procedure with his wife after their daughter was born by emergency c-section in 2011.<\/p>\n<p>Lawley, who co-founded a company to deliver microbial therapies, says it might be possible to alter the newborn microbiota in this way. But he stresses that his team\u2019s latest study offers no support for vaginal seeding. \u201cThe idea of putting undefined microbes in children that are immunologically underdeveloped is very risky,\u201d says Lawley. \u201cOur data does not that support that. It makes me very nervous.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-019-02807-x<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02807-x?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; UK study provides the best evidence yet that the way infants are born can alter their microbiomes \u2014 but the health effects are<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4116\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[33,29,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4116","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-science","category-recent-science-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1372,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1372","url_meta":{"origin":4116,"position":0},"title":"Live bacteria deliver crucial enzymes straight to the gut","author":"biochemistry","date":"August 14, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 A newborn baby is tested for the genetic disorder phenylketonuria, which may be treatable with bacteria engineered to compensate for an enzyme that patients lack. 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Now, two research groups have made this microbial\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4973,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4973","url_meta":{"origin":4116,"position":2},"title":"In \u2018living materials,\u2019 microbes are makers","author":"biochemistry","date":"February 24, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Engineered microbes tailormade this biofilm (green), shown on a glass bead. PHOTO: NEEL JOSHI \u00a0 \u00a0 The bricks in Wil Srubar's lab at the University of Colorado, Boulder, aren't just alive, they're reproducing. They are churned out by bacteria that convert sand, nutrients, and other feedstocks into a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":935,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=935","url_meta":{"origin":4116,"position":3},"title":"Genetically modified bacteria enlisted in fight against disease","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 22, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 \uc774\uc81c \uc9c8\ubcd1 \uce58\ub8cc\ub97c \uc704\ud55c GMB (genetically modified bacteria)\uc778\uac00\uc694? \u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 Engineered strains of\u00a0E. coli\u00a0and other microbes are being tested in people to combat a slew of illnesses. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0bacteria is being developed as a vehicle for gene therapy in people.Credit: Fernan Federici\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":472,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=472","url_meta":{"origin":4116,"position":4},"title":"How gut microbes are joining the fight against cancer","author":"biochemistry","date":"May 30, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 The intestinal microbiome seems to influence how well some cancer drugs work. 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