{"id":3939,"date":"2019-07-27T16:27:27","date_gmt":"2019-07-27T07:27:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=3939"},"modified":"2019-07-27T16:27:27","modified_gmt":"2019-07-27T07:27:27","slug":"the-forgotten-part-of-memory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3939","title":{"rendered":"The forgotten part of memory"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Long thought to be a glitch of memory, researchers are coming to realize that the ability to forget is crucial to how the brain works.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"clear pull--both\">\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w700\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02211-5\/d41586-019-02211-5_16961142.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/picture>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\">Credit: Sam Falconer<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article__aside align-right hide-print\">\n<div class=\"pdf__download shrink--aside\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"align-left\">\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Memories make us who we are. They shape our understanding of the world and help us to predict what\u2019s coming. For more than a century, researchers have been working to understand how memories are formed and then fixed for recall in the days, weeks or even years that follow. But those scientists might have been looking at only half the picture. To understand how we remember, we must also understand how, and why, we forget.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/collections\/jigfghaeje\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02211-5\/d41586-019-02211-5_16963858.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Part of Nature Outlook: The brain<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Until about ten years ago, most researchers thought that forgetting was a passive process in which memories, unused, decay over time like a photograph left in the sunlight. But then a handful of researchers who were investigating memory began to bump up against findings that seemed to contradict that decades-old assumption. They began to put forward the radical idea that the brain is built to forget.<\/p>\n<p>A growing body of work, cultivated in the past decade, suggests that the loss of memories is not a passive process. Rather, forgetting seems to be an active mechanism that is constantly at work in the brain. In some \u2014 perhaps even all \u2014 animals, the brain\u2019s standard state is not to remember, but to forget. And a better understanding of that state could lead to breakthroughs in treatments for conditions such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and even Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat is memory without forgetting?\u201d asks Oliver Hardt, a cognitive psychologist studying the neurobiology of memory at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. \u201cIt\u2019s impossible,\u201d he says. \u201cTo have proper memory function, you have to have forgetting.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Biology of forgetting<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Different types of memory are created and stored in varying ways, and in various areas of the brain. Researchers are still pinpointing the details, but they know that autobiographical memories \u2014 those of events experienced personally \u2014 begin to take lasting form in a part of the brain called the hippocampus, in the hours and days that follow the event. Neurons communicate with each other through synapses \u2014 junctions between these cells that include a tiny gap across which chemical messengers can be sent. Each neuron can be connected to thousands of others in this way. Through a process known as synaptic plasticity, neurons constantly produce new proteins to remodel parts of the synapse, such as the receptors for these chemicals, which enables the neurons to selectively strengthen their connections with one another. This creates a network of cells that, together, encode a memory. The more often a memory is recalled, the stronger its neural network becomes. Over time, and through consistent recall, the memory becomes encoded in both the hippocampus and the cortex. Eventually, it exists independently in the cortex, where it is put away for long-term storage.<\/p>\n<p>Neuroscientists often refer to this physical representation of a memory as an engram. They think that each engram has a number of synaptic connections, sometimes even in several areas of the brain, and that each neuron and synapse can be involved in multiple engrams.<\/p>\n<p>Much is still unknown about how memories are created and accessed, and addressing such mysteries has consumed a lot of memory researchers\u2019 time. How the brain forgets, by comparison, has been largely overlooked. It\u2019s a remarkable oversight, says Michael Anderson, who studies cognitive neuroscience at the University of Cambridge, UK. \u201cEvery species that has a memory forgets. Full stop, without exception. It doesn\u2019t matter how simple the organism is: if they can acquire lessons of experience, the lessons can be lost,\u201d he says. \u201cIn light of that, I find it absolutely stunning that neurobiology has treated forgetting as an afterthought.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It wasn\u2019t at the forefront of Ron Davis\u2019s mind when he uncovered evidence of active forgetting in fruit flies (<i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i>) in 2012. Davis, a neuroscientist at the Scripps Research Institute in Jupiter, Florida, was studying the intricacies of memory formation in the flies\u2019 mushroom bodies (dense networks of neurons in insect brains that store olfactory and other sensory memories). He was especially interested in understanding the influence of dopamine-producing neurons that connect with these structures. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is involved in moderating a host of behaviours in the fly brain, and Davis proposed that this chemical messenger might also play a part in memory.<\/p>\n<p>Intriguingly, Davis found that dopamine is essential to forgetting<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02211-5?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>. He and his colleagues conditioned transgenic flies to associate electric shocks with certain odours, thereby training the insects to avoid them. They then activated the dopaminergic neurons and observed that the flies quickly forgot the association. Yet blocking the same neurons preserved the memory. \u201cThey were regulating how memories could be expressed,\u201d Davis says, essentially providing a \u2018forget\u2019 signal.<\/p>\n<p>Further investigation, involving a technique that enabled the researchers to monitor the activity of neurons in living flies, demonstrated that these dopamine neurons are active for long periods, at least in flies. \u201cThe brain is always trying to forget the information it\u2019s already learnt,\u201d Davis says.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>From flies to rodents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A few years later, Hardt found something similar in rats. He was investigating what happens at the synapses of neurons that are involved in long-term memory storage. Researchers know that memories are encoded in the mammalian brain when the strength of the connection between neurons increases. That connection strength is determined by the amount of a particular type of receptor found at the synapse. Known as AMPA receptors, the presence of these structures must be maintained for a memory to remain intact. \u201cThe problem,\u201d Hardt says, \u201cis that none of these receptors are stable. They are moved in and out of the synapse constantly and turn over in hours or days.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hardt\u2019s lab showed that a dedicated mechanism continuously promotes the expression of AMPA receptors at synapses. Yet some memories are still forgotten. Hardt proposed that AMPA receptors can also be removed, which suggests that forgetting is an active process. If that were true, then preventing the removal of AMPA receptors should prevent forgetting. When Hardt and his colleagues blocked the mechanism behind AMPA-receptor removal in the hippocampi of rats, as expected, they found that the rats were prevented from forgetting the locations of objects<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02211-5?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>. To forget certain things, it seemed that the rat brain had to proactively destroy connections at the synapse. Forgetting, Hardt says, \u201cis not a failure of memory, but a function of it\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02211-5\/d41586-019-02211-5_16961144.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02211-5\/d41586-019-02211-5_16961144.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">The neurotransmitter dopamine is now known to play an essential part in memory.<\/span>Credit: Alfred Pasieka\/SPL<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Paul Frankland, a neuroscientist at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, had also found evidence that the brain is wired to forget. Frankland was studying the production of new neurons, or neurogenesis, in adult mice. The process had long been known to occur in the brains of young animals, but had been discovered in the hippocampi of mature animals only about 20 years earlier. Because the hippocampus is involved in memory formation, Frankland and his team wondered whether increasing neurogenesis in adult mice could help the rodents to remember.<\/p>\n<p>In a paper published in 2014, the researchers found precisely the opposite: rather than making the animals\u2019 memories better, increasing neurogenesis caused the mice to forget more<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02211-5?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">3<\/a><\/sup>. As contradictory as that initially seemed to Frankland, given the assumption that new neurons would mean more capacity for (and potentially better) memory, he says it now makes sense. \u201cWhen neurons integrate into the adult hippocampus, they integrate into an existing, established circuitry. If you have information stored in that circuit and start rewiring it, then it\u2019s going to make that information harder to access,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n<p>Because the hippocampus is not where long-term memories are stored in the brain, its dynamic nature is not a flaw but a feature, Frankland says \u2014 something that evolved to aid learning. The environment is changing constantly and, to survive, animals must adapt to new situations. Allowing fresh information to overwrite the old helps them to achieve that.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Human nature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Researchers think that the human brain might operate in a similar way. \u201cOur ability to generalize new experiences is, at least in part, due to the fact that our brains engage in controlled forgetting,\u201d says Blake Richards, who studies neural circuits and machine learning at the University of Toronto Scarborough. Richards suggests that the brain\u2019s ability to forget might prevent an effect known as overfit: in the field of artificial intelligence, this is defined as when a mathematical model is so good at matching the data it has been programmed with that it is unable to predict which data might come next.<\/p>\n<p>In a similar way, if a person were to remember every detail from an event such as a dog attack \u2014 that is, not just the sudden movement that scared the dog at the park, causing it to snarl and bite, but also the dog\u2019s floppy ears, the colour of its owner\u2019s T-shirt and the angle of the Sun \u2014 it might be more difficult for them to generalize across experiences to prevent themselves being bitten again in the future. \u201cIf you wash out a few details but retain the gist, it helps you to use it in novel situations,\u201d Richards says. \u201cIt\u2019s entirely possible that our brain engages in a bit of controlled forgetting in order to prevent us from overfitting to our experiences.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Studies of people with exceptional autobiographical memories or with impaired ones seem to bear this out. People with a condition known as highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) remember their lives in such incredible detail that they can describe the outfit that they were wearing on any particular day. But despite their exceptional ability to recall such information, these individuals tend not to be particularly accomplished and seem to have an increased tendency for obsessiveness, \u201cwhich is exactly what you\u2019d predict from someone who can\u2019t extract themselves from specific instances\u201d, says Brian Levine, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences in Toronto.<\/p>\n<p>Those with severely deficient autobiographical memory (SDAM), however, are unable to vividly recall specific events in their lives. As a result, they also have trouble imagining what might happen in the future. Yet in Levine\u2019s experience, people with SDAM tend to do particularly well in jobs that require abstract thinking \u2014 probably because they are not weighed down by the nitty-gritty. \u201cWe think SDAM people, through a lifetime of practice of not having episodic memory, have an ability to cut across episodes,\u201d Levine says. \u201cThey\u2019re good at solving problems.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02211-5\/d41586-019-02211-5_16961146.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-02211-5\/d41586-019-02211-5_16961146.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">The integration of new neurons (green) into the hippocampus (red bands) degrades stored memories.<\/span>Credit: Jagroop Dhaliwal<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Research on forgetting in people without HSAM or SDAM is also beginning to show how important the process is for a healthy brain. Anderson\u2019s team has been digging deep into how active forgetting occurs in humans, using a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic-resonance spectroscopy to look at levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (\u03b3-aminobutyric acid) in the hippocampus. By scanning participants who were attempting to quash certain thoughts, the researchers found that the higher someone\u2019s GABA levels were, the more a region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex suppressed their hippocampus, and the better they were at forgetting<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02211-5?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u201cWe were able to link successful forgetting to a particular neurotransmitter in the brain,\u201d Anderson says.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trying to forget<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>By better understanding how we forget, through the lenses of both biology and cognitive psychology, Anderson and other researchers might be edging nearer to improving treatments for anxiety, PTSD and even Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/p>\n<p>Anderson\u2019s work to measure GABA levels in the brain might indicate a mechanism that underpins the effectiveness of benzodiazepines \u2014 anti-anxiety drugs such as diazepam that have been prescribed since the 1960s. Researchers have long known that such medication works by enhancing the function of GABA receptors, thereby helping to dampen anxiety, but they didn\u2019t understand why. Anderson\u2019s findings offer an explanation: if the prefrontal cortex commands the hippocampus to inhibit a thought, the hippocampus can\u2019t respond unless it has enough GABA. \u201cThe prefrontal cortex is the general, sending commands from on high to suppress activity in the hippocampus,\u201d Anderson says. \u201cIf there aren\u2019t troops on the ground, those commands fall on deaf ears.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>GABA\u2019s crucial role in suppressing unwanted thoughts also has implications for phobias, schizophrenia and depression. Various symptoms of these conditions \u2014 including flashbacks, obsessive thoughts, depressive rumination and difficulty controlling thoughts \u2014 have been linked to an overactive hippocampus. \u201cWe think we have a key mechanistic framework that links together all of those different symptoms and disorders,\u201d Anderson says.<\/p>\n<p>His group\u2019s research might also have implications for treating PTSD, a condition perceived to be a problem of remembering a traumatic episode too well, but one that, at its root, is really an issue of forgetting. A better understanding of how to help people make traumatic memories less intrusive could help researchers to treat some of the most intractable cases. When Anderson and his colleagues looked at what happens when volunteers suppress unwanted memories \u2014 a process he calls motivated forgetting \u2014 they found that people who reported more traumatic experiences were particularly good at repressing specific memories<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02211-5?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">5<\/a><\/sup>. Understanding the cognitive psychology that underlies that ability, as well as the mental resilience that is necessary for developing it, could help to improve treatment for PTSD.<\/p>\n<p>Hardt thinks that Alzheimer\u2019s disease might also be better understood as a malfunction of forgetting rather than remembering. If forgetting is truly a well-regulated, innate part of the memory process, he says, it makes sense that dysregulation of that process could have negative effects. \u201cWhat if what\u2019s actually going on is an overactive forgetting process that goes haywire and erases more than it should?\u201d he asks.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><\/aside>\n<p>That question is yet to be answered. But more memory researchers are shifting their focus to examine how the brain forgets, as well as how it remembers. \u201cThere\u2019s an increasing understanding that forgetting is a collection of processes in its own right, to be distinguished from encoding and consolidation and retrieval,\u201d Anderson says.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the past decade, researchers have begun to view forgetting as an important part of a whole. \u201cWhy do we have memory at all? As humans, we entertain this fantasy that it\u2019s important to have autobiographical details,\u201d Hardt says. \u201cAnd that\u2019s probably completely wrong. Memory, first and foremost, is there to serve an adaptive purpose. It endows us with knowledge about the world, and then updates that knowledge.\u201d Forgetting enables us as individuals, and as a species, to move forwards.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEvolution has achieved a graceful balance between the virtues of remembering and the virtues of forgetting,\u201d Anderson says. \u201cIt\u2019s dedicated to both permanence and resilience, but also to getting rid of things that get in the way.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>571<\/strong>, S12-S14 (2019)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-019-02211-5<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-02211-5?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Long thought to be a glitch of memory, researchers are coming to realize that the ability to forget is crucial to how the<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3939\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[33,29,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3939","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-science","category-recent-science-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2245,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2245","url_meta":{"origin":3939,"position":0},"title":"Memories reach the cortex rapidly &#038; New dimensions for brain mapping","author":"biochemistry","date":"December 3, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 How fast do learning-induced anatomical changes occur in the brain? The traditional view postulates that neocortical memory representations reflect reinstatement processes initiated by the hippocampus and that a genuine physical trace develops only through reactivation over extended periods. Brodt\u00a0et al.\u00a0combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted MRI\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1305,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1305","url_meta":{"origin":3939,"position":1},"title":"Probing the genetics of the mind","author":"biochemistry","date":"August 8, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 Douwe Draaisma weighs up Eric Kandel\u2019s study on mental illnesses as brain diseases. \u00a0 \u00a0 Brain imaging, including magnetic resonance scans, can provide information on psychiatric disorders.Credit: Ricardo Funari\/ LightRocket via Getty \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The Disordered Mind: What Unusual Brains Tell Us About Ourselves\u00a0Eric\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4720,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4720","url_meta":{"origin":3939,"position":2},"title":"Measles erases immune \u2018memory\u2019 for other diseases &#038; How measles causes the body to \u2018forget\u2019 past infections","author":"biochemistry","date":"November 2, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 Results from tests of unvaccinated children and monkeys come as measles cases spike around the world. \u00a0 \u00a0 Children with measles receive care in a hospital in the Philippines.Credit: Ezra Acayan\/Getty \u00a0 \u00a0 Measles infections in children can wipe out the immune system\u2019s memory of other illnesses such as\u00a0influenza,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3805,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3805","url_meta":{"origin":3939,"position":3},"title":"The changing phase of data storage","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 19, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 The combination of ferroelectrics and phase-change materials provides a route towards phase-change data storage at room temperature, without heating. \u00a0 \u00a0 The current pace of data creation is truly staggering; in 2018 alone, it amounted to 33 zettabytes1. The relentless growth of data generation is likely to continue\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Chemistry!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Chemistry!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=34"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3001,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3001","url_meta":{"origin":3939,"position":4},"title":"Neural representations across species","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 29, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 A plethora of studies in rodents have described spatially tuned neurons, including place cells in the hippocampus and grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), suggesting a crucial role of the hippocampal formation in spatial navigation (1). Human studies have, in turn, shown that the hippocampal formation\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3255,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3255","url_meta":{"origin":3939,"position":5},"title":"All for one and one for all (QUANTUM OPTICS)","author":"biochemistry","date":"April 8, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Quantum information (QI) has become a focus of research during the past two decades, with the goal of exploiting the potentialities offered by superposition and entanglement of quantum states (1). The first hardware implementations of QI relied on quantum systems hosting clean, well-isolated two-level systems such as atoms\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9Xo1j-11x","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3939","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3939"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3939\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3940,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3939\/revisions\/3940"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3939"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3939"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3939"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}