{"id":3777,"date":"2019-06-17T14:07:15","date_gmt":"2019-06-17T05:07:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=3777"},"modified":"2019-06-17T14:07:15","modified_gmt":"2019-06-17T05:07:15","slug":"hijack-of-crispr-defences-by-selfish-genes-holds-clinical-promise-dna-%ec%9e%90%eb%a5%b4%ec%a7%80-%ec%95%8a%ea%b3%a0-%ec%9c%a0%ec%a0%84%ec%9e%90-%ea%b5%90%ec%a0%95%ed%95%98%eb%8a%94-%ea%b8%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3777","title":{"rendered":"Hijack of CRISPR defences by selfish genes holds clinical promise &#038; DNA \uc790\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uad50\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc220 \uac1c\ubc1c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Parasitic genetic elements called transposons carry CRISPR machinery that is normally used against them by bacterial cells. This paradox has now been explained, with implications for gene-therapy research.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<p>When Hamlet is mortally wounded by Laertes\u2019 poisoned blade in a fencing match, he switches weapons and strikes back, so that Laertes is killed by his own sword.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1323-z\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1323-z\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Writing in\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i><\/a>, Klompe\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0describe an equally dramatic weapon switch in biological warfare. They report that a molecular machine called Cascade, which bacteria use to defend themselves against genetic invaders, can also be used against them by some of those invaders. To add to the drama, this tiny instrument of war might eventually find itself serving a peaceful purpose: the genetic engineering of human cells to treat disease.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-1323-z\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01824-0\/d41586-019-01824-0_16790212.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Read the paper: Transposon-encoded CRISPR\u2013Cas systems direct RNA-guided DNA integration<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The genomes of bacteria are under constant assault from \u2018selfish\u2019 DNA segments (such as genes from bacterium-infecting viruses and mobile genetic elements), which enhance their own propagation and transmission, rather than their host\u2019s. One type of mobile element is called a transposon. Some transposons carry just five genes, the sole function of which is to spread the transposon among bacteria<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>. The protein products of these genes work together to insert the transposon DNA into a specific spot in a bacterium\u2019s genome at which insertion does not harm the host. The transposon thus becomes a permanent \u2018passenger\u2019 in that bacterium. When the opportunity arises, it transfers itself into one of the small, circular pieces of DNA that bacteria pass between each other to transfer genetic material, and can thereby move to a new host<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Bacteria are armed with several defence systems against such parasites. One is known as CRISPR<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">3<\/a><\/sup>, and works in a similar way to a \u2018wanted\u2019 poster of a criminal. When foreign DNA enters a bacterial cell, CRISPR chops it up and places a few fragments into the bacterial genome. These fragments are not dust-gathering war trophies, but \u2018memories\u2019 of past invasions: the bacterium copies them into short snippets of RNA, and hands them over to dedicated CRISPR-associated nuclease enzymes, of which Cas9 is the best studied<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">5<\/a><\/sup>. These nucleases carry the RNA snippets and compare them with incoming DNA; if there is a match, the invading DNA is destroyed.<\/p>\n<p>In 2017, a strange fact was reported by Peters\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup>: some transposons also carry genes for Cascade, a type of CRISPR defence system. This made no sense. Why would a parasitic genetic element need defence machinery that targets itself? Not all features of living things are Darwinian adaptations, but the puzzling prevalence of Cascade in transposons from many bacteria implied that it had to be there for a reason.<\/p>\n<p>However, Peters\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>. noted two peculiarities of the Cascade\u2013transposon systems. First, although the Cascade machinery still recognized a target DNA by comparing it with an RNA snippet carried on a Cas-type protein, this machinery could not cut the DNA, and so was like a gun loaded with blanks. Second, the transposon carried all the usual genes required to integrate its DNA into a bacterial genome, but lacked the gene that directs that integration to the usual \u2018safe for the host\u2019 destination \u2014 thus preventing the Cascade gun from aiming at a specific target. Peters\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>. hypothesized that these two minuses make a plus: perhaps the transposon uses Cascade to recognize a new DNA target in a bacterium, and then routes the integration of transposon DNA to that site?<\/p>\n<p>Klompe and co-workers now provide a wealth of experimental data that prove and expand this idea. They show that the transposon can use the RNA-guided component of its Cascade passenger to direct Cascade to a particular position in a genome. They also report that, after recognizing the target DNA, Cascade directly binds to a protein (TniQ) that guides the insertion of the transposon to the new location in the genome (Fig. 1). This insertion is impressively specific \u2014 in all 25 cases studied by the authors, the transposon was delivered precisely and exclusively to the targeted address in the bacterial genome. Klompe and colleagues\u2019 findings illuminate how evolution in microbes can morph, shuffle and combine components to come up with radical new solutions to problems \u2014 in this case, resulting in an RNA-guided transposition of DNA.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01824-0\/d41586-019-01824-0_16790778.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01824-0\/d41586-019-01824-0_16790778.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\"><b>Figure 1 | Two ways in which genes can be inserted into chromosomes.<\/b>\u00a0<b>a<\/b>, In conventional gene editing, a nuclease enzyme (such as Cas9, part of the CRISPR defence mechanism in bacteria) is directed to a position on a chromosome by a guide RNA. The nuclease produces a double-strand break, which is repaired using the host cell\u2019s machinery. The repair process is guided by a DNA template in which a therapeutic gene is flanked by stretches of DNA that are identical to the chromosome, and incorporates the gene into the chromosome<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR10\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">10<\/a><\/sup>.\u00a0<b>b<\/b>, Klompe\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0report that DNA elements called transposons use CRISPR machinery called Cascade (formed from Cas6, Cas7 and Cas8 proteins) to insert themselves into genomes. Cascade is directed to a chromosome by a guide RNA, but then binds a transposase-associated protein, TniQ, which in turn recruits the transposon and integrates it into the chromosome. This RNA-directed mechanism for DNA transposition avoids the need for double-strand breaks or long flanking sequences, and thus might help to address some of the shortcomings of conventional gene editing.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The work will inspire researchers working on an entirely different scientific front: the genetic engineering of humans to treat disease. Therapeutic genes are conventionally installed in humans using viruses that either persist outside the cell\u2019s genome (which means that they are rapidly diluted when the cell divides) or land semi-randomly within the genomic DNA (which raises potential safety concerns)<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR7\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">7<\/a><\/sup>. One solution to this problem is the technique called genome editing<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR8\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR9\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">9<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u2014 in which an engineered nuclease, such as Cas9, is targeted to cut DNA at a position of interest to produce a double-strand break (DSB), which is then repaired using a template that facilitates the insertion of a gene at that position<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR10\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">10<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(Fig. 1a).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Although DSB-driven gene addition is useful, it has limitations. First, it works relatively inefficiently in non-dividing cells, many of which are potential targets for gene therapy. Second, the gene to be inserted must be flanked by DNA segments that match the sequence in the region of the genome into which it is being inserted, which takes up valuable space in the therapeutic agent. And third, the generation of a DSB has an associated risk<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR11\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">11<\/a><\/sup>, albeit a manageable one. Both Peters\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and Klompe\u00a0<i>et al<\/i>. suggest that the reported transposons provide, in principle, a solution to all those issues: the transposon integration process does not require a DSB at the target (Fig. 1b), or flanking DNA in the therapeutic agent, and should work in non-dividing cells. Hence, it could be an attractive approach for human gene editing in the clinic.<\/p>\n<p>However, a long checklist must be completed before clinical applications can be considered seriously. This list includes: showing that the process works efficiently at target genome positions in disease-relevant human cells (rather than in bacteria); demonstrating that it can integrate DNA fragments large enough to be clinically useful; proving its specificity in the human genome, which is about 1,000 times larger than a bacterial one; and developing ways to deliver the full complement of proteins associated with the integration process to cells without triggering the human immune response. This is a formidable workload, but a key lesson of the past 30 years of research into gene therapy is that most challenges of this type are eventually solved<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR7\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR11\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR12\" data-track=\"click\" data-action=\"anchor-link\" data-track-label=\"go to reference\" data-track-category=\"references\">12<\/a><\/sup>. Therefore, a CRISPR system used by transposons to propagate themselves might well find itself repurposed for genetic medicine.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-019-01824-0<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01824-0?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>DNA \uc790\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uad50\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc220 \uac1c\ubc1c<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/584\/2019\/06\/13\/0000004761_001_20190613182026678.jpg?type=w647\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><em class=\"img_desc\">\uc0d8 \uc2a4\ud0e0\ubc84\uadf8 \ubbf8\uad6d \uceec\ub7fc\ube44\uc544\ub300 \uc0dd\ud654\ud559\ubc0f\ubd84\uc790\uc0dd\ubb3c\ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc \uad50\uc218(\ub9e8 \uc624\ub978\ucabd)\uac00 \uc774\ub044\ub294 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud300\uc774 \ucf5c\ub808\ub77c\uade0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4\ub97c \uc5bb\uc5b4\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\ub97c \uc790\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0\ub3c4 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uc0bd\uc785\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc2e0\uae30\uc220\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud588\ub2e4. \uceec\ub7fc\ube44\uc544\ub300 \uc81c\uacf5<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\ub97c \uc790\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0\ub3c4 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uc0bd\uc785\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc720\uc804\uc790\uac00\uc704 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \ub098\uc654\ub2e4. &#8216;\uc778\ud14c\uadf8\ub808\uc774\ud2b8&#8217;\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\ub984\uc774 \ubd99\uc5ec\uc9c4 \uc774 \uae30\uc220\uc740 \uc0d8 \uc2a4\ud0e0\ubc84\uadf8 \ubbf8\uad6d \uceec\ub7fc\ube44\uc544\ub300 \uc0dd\ud654\ud559\ubc0f\ubd84\uc790\uc0dd\ubb3c\ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc \uad50\uc218\ud300\uc774 \ucf5c\ub808\ub77c\uade0\uc774 \uc219\uc8fc\uc758\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\uc5d0 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \ub123\ub294 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc601\uac10\uc744 \uc5bb\uc5b4 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud588\ub2e4. \uc5f0\uad6c\uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \uad6d\uc81c\ud559\uc220\uc9c0 &#8216;\ub124\uc774\ucc98&#8217; 12\uc77c\uc790(\ud604\uc9c0\uc2dc\uac04)\uc5d0 \ubc1c\ud45c\ub410\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p><span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c8\ud658\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uc5c6\uc560\uac70\ub098, \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \ub123\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ud604\uc7ac \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub294 &#8216;\ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uac00\uc704&#8217;\ub2e4. \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uac00\uc704\ub294\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \ud3b8\uc9d1\ud560 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ucc3e\ub294 &#8216;\uac00\uc774\ub4dc<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">RNA&#8217;<\/span>\uc640 \uc774\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\ub97c \uc798\ub77c\ub0b4\ub294 &#8216;\uc808\ub2e8\ud6a8\uc18c&#8217;\ub85c \uc774\ub904\uc838 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc720\uc804\uc790\uac00\uc704 \uae30\uc220 \uc911 \uac00\uc7a5 \ucd5c\uc2e0\uc778 3\uc138\ub300 \uc720\uc804\uc790\uac00\uc704 &#8216;\ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c&#8217; \uae30\uc220\uc740 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc815\ud655\ud574 \ud601\uc2e0\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\uba85\uacf5\ud559 \uae30\uc220\ub85c \uc8fc\ubaa9\ubc1b\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ucd5c\uadfc\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uc190\uc0c1 \ubd80\uc704\ub97c \uad50\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0bd\uc785\ud55c \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub098 \uadf8 \uc8fc\ubcc0\uc758 \uc5fc\uae30\uc11c\uc5f4\uc5d0 \ub3cc\uc5f0\ubcc0\uc774\uac00 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0a0 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc5f0\uad6c\uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \ub098\uc624\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc5f0\uad6c\ud300\uc740 \ucf5c\ub808\ub77c\ub97c \uc77c\uc73c\ud0a4\ub294 \uade0\uc778 \ube44\ube0c\ub9ac\uc624 \ucf5c\ub808\ub77c(<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">Vibrio<\/span>\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">cholerae<\/span>)\uac00 \uc219\uc8fc\uc758\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\uc5d0 \uc790\uae30 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uc0bd\uc785\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc815(\ud2b8\ub79c\uc2a4\ud3ec\uc874)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4\ub97c \uc5bb\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac00\uc774\ub4dc<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">RNA<\/span>\uc5d0 \uc808\ub2e8\ud6a8\uc18c \ub300\uc2e0 &#8216;\uc720\uc804\uc790\uc0bd\uc785\ud6a8\uc18c(\uc778\ud14c\uadf8\ub808\uc774\uc988)&#8217;\ub97c \ubd99\uc774\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uc0bd\uc785\ud560 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uac00\uc774\ub4dc<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">RNA<\/span>\ub85c \ucc3e\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c,\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\ub97c \uc790\ub974\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0 \ud6a8\uc18c\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \uc0bd\uc785\ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc5f0\uad6c\ud300\uc740 \ub300\uc7a5\uade0\uc744 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\ud5d8\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\u00a0<span data-type=\"ore\" data-lang=\"en\">DNA<\/span>\ub97c \uc790\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0\ub3c4 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \ubd80\uc704\uc5d0 \uc5fc\uae30 1\ub9cc\uac1c \uc9dc\ub9ac \ud06c\uae30\uc758 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \ub123\ub294 \ub370 \uc131\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \uc774\ub048 \uc2a4\ud0e0\ubc84\uadf8 \uad50\uc218\ub294 &#8220;\uc720\uc804\uc790 \uc5f0\uad6c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc774\ub098 \ub18d\uc791\ubb3c\uc5d0 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c \ub123\ub294 \uc0dd\uba85\uacf5\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ud65c\uc6a9 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4&#8221;\uba70 &#8220;\ubd80\uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \uac70\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd\uc2dc\ud0a4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uac83&#8221;\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub9cc \uc0c8\ub85c \uac1c\ubc1c\ub41c \uae30\uc220\uc778\ub9cc\ud07c \uae30\uc874 \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud37c \uc720\uc804\uc790 \uac00\uc704\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc548\uc804\ud55c\uc9c0 \ucd94\uac00 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ud655\uc778\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"http:\/\/dongascience.donga.com\/news\/view\/29338\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Parasitic genetic elements called transposons carry CRISPR machinery that is normally used against them by bacterial cells. This paradox has now been explained,<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3777\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[33,34,29,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-chemistry","category-lets-do-science","category-recent-science-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":976,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=976","url_meta":{"origin":3777,"position":0},"title":"CRISPR with a heart of gold helps ailing mice","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 28, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Gene-editing molecules ride gold nanoparticles into the brain. \u00a0 Expression of a protein (blue-green, left) associated with fragile X syndrome is suppressed (right) in the brains of mice treated with CRISPR gene-editing molecules. Credit: B. Lee\u00a0et al.\/Nature\u00a0Biomed. Eng. \u00a0 \u00a0 Scientists are mining gold\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2952,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2952","url_meta":{"origin":3777,"position":1},"title":"The CRISPR \ufefffix that could combat inherited blood disorders","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 27, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 Researchers have finally identified a reliable way to edit the genes of blood stem cells. \u00a0 The elongated red blood cells of people with sickle-cell disease can block small blood vessels, reducing the flow of oxygen to nearby tissues. Credit: Eye of Science\/SPL \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 An enhanced version\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2441,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2441","url_meta":{"origin":3777,"position":2},"title":"Nature Biotech&#8217;s top stories of the year","author":"biochemistry","date":"January 7, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 See what grabbed our readers in 2018. It was a year when CRISPR-ed plants, therapies and babies stole the headlines, but there are also some surprises on this list. \u00a0 While the world\u2019s attention focused on claims of custom babies using CRISPR, Editas received approval to test a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3891,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3891","url_meta":{"origin":3777,"position":3},"title":"Inserting DNA with CRISPR","author":"biochemistry","date":"July 16, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Most prokaryotes rely on the CRISPR-Cas system for adaptive immunity against viruses and mobile elements (1,\u00a02). Small RNAs produced from CRISPR direct Cas effector proteins to seek and destroy nucleic acids from invaders that have complementary target sites (3). There are multiple types of CRISPR, which are defined\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1156,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1156","url_meta":{"origin":3777,"position":4},"title":"CRISPR gene editing produces unwanted DNA deletions","author":"biochemistry","date":"July 18, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 DNA-cutting enzyme used for genetic modification can create large deletions and shuffle genes. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Gene-editing experiments with human embryonic stem cells revealed the imprecision of the CRISPR-Cas9 system.Credit: Annie Cavanagh via Wellcome\/CC BY NC \u00a0 \u00a0 Researchers have embraced CRISPR gene-editing as a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3988,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3988","url_meta":{"origin":3777,"position":5},"title":"The long shadow of a CRISPR scandal","author":"biochemistry","date":"August 3, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 He Jiankui's controversial gene-editing experiment brought intense scrutiny to CRISPR scientists in China, and they're outraged. \u00a0 As He Jiankui strode to the podium at last year's summit on human genome editing in Hong Kong, China, more than 1 million people watched online. PHOTO: ANTHONY WALLACE\/AFP\/GETTY IMAGES \u00a0 \u00a0\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9Xo1j-YV","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3777"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3778,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3777\/revisions\/3778"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}