{"id":3524,"date":"2019-05-16T17:45:46","date_gmt":"2019-05-16T08:45:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=3524"},"modified":"2019-05-16T17:45:46","modified_gmt":"2019-05-16T08:45:46","slug":"stem-cell-and-genetic-therapies-make-a-healthy-marriage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3524","title":{"rendered":"Stem-cell and genetic therapies make a healthy marriage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>This scientific partnership could fight everything from blood diseases to HIV.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01442-w\/d41586-019-01442-w_16691372.jpg\" alt=\"Light micrograph showing neurons derived from stem cells\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01442-w\/d41586-019-01442-w_16691372.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">A culture from human tissue showing neurons derived from stem cells.<\/span>Credit: Daniel Schroen\/Cell Applications Inc\/SPL<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aside from a 20-second exposure to the outside world at birth, David Vetter spent his entire life cocooned in plastic. Afflicted by severe combined immunodeficiency or SCID, a hereditary disease that severely compromises or destroys the immune system, the \u2018boy in the bubble\u2019 was exquisitely vulnerable to infection. Eventually, a latent virus hidden in a bone-marrow transplant killed him in 1984 at the age of 12.<\/p>\n<p>Until a few years ago, a bone-marrow transplant from a matched donor was the only hope that children such as David had of achieving a normal life. Now, two rapidly advancing areas of medicine \u2014 stem-cell and gene therapies \u2014 are combining to offer what amounts to a cure: a complete reboot of the immune system, free from the genetic mutations that cause diseases such as SCID.<\/p>\n<p>And it\u2019s not just immunodeficiency disorders, or even genetic disorders, that could benefit from the combination of stem-cell and gene therapies. This scientific partnership could fight everything from blood diseases to HIV.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>From the source<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Stem cells are the wellspring from which all cell types emerge. In the past decade, scientists have discovered how to control this differentiation process to allow a stem cell \u2014 whether from an embryo (embryonic stem cells) or an adult cell (induced pluripotent stem cells) \u2014 to be converted into specialized cells such as nerve cells, blood vessel cells and cardiac muscle.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/collections\/jeabaahgec\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01442-w\/d41586-019-01442-w_16705262.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Nature Index 2019 Biomedical Sciences<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Stem cells could theoretically be used to replace lost or damaged cells in the brain, which could treat patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, who experience nerve-cell degeneration in areas of the brain associated with movement control. Stem cells could also be used in the pancreas to treat people with type 1 diabetes, or to repair heart muscle following a heart attack.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time that researchers are improving the efficacy of stem-cell therapy, gene therapy offers the ability to replace mutated genes with healthy copies, or insert genes that have been designed to boost the production of vital proteins. Brought together, these two technologies have enormous potential to both correct pathological genetic mutations, and incorporate those corrections into new cell populations in the body.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat we have here are two basic components of biology: one is the genetic code and the other is cells as the units of life,\u201d says Doug Melton, co-director of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/united-states-of-america-usa\/harvard-stem-cell-institute-hsci\/513906c134d6b65e6a00076e\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/united-states-of-america-usa\/harvard-stem-cell-institute-hsci\/513906c134d6b65e6a00076e\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Harvard\u2019s Stem Cell Institute<\/a>. \u201cIf you marry the two, it gives a power of manipulation and control that is truly unprecedented.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01442-w\/d41586-019-01442-w_16691374.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of David Vetter\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01442-w\/d41586-019-01442-w_16691374.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">Born with severe immunodeficiency, David Vetter spent his life wrapped in protective plastic. Now there are therapies to reboot the immune system.<\/span>Credit: AP\/Shutterstock<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Patching up the genome<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The marriage of stem cells and gene therapy has already produced its first commercial progeny. In 2016, a drug called Strimvelis was approved in Europe for the treatment of a condition called adenosine deaminase severe combined immunodeficiency, or ADA-SCID, a form of the disease that afflicted David Vetter.<\/p>\n<p>In patients with ADA-SCID, an inherited mutation in the ADA gene affects the production of the adenosine deaminase enzyme, which is essential for immune-system function. Strimvelis is a form of gene therapy that uses a patient\u2019s own haematopoietic stem cells, the precursor cells for blood and immune cells, to correct this mutation.<\/p>\n<p>In the same way that viruses replicate by injecting their genetic material into living cells, gene therapy uses viruses to insert therapeutic genes into stem cells. For the treatment of ADA-SCID, stem cells are harvested from the patient, and a virus is used to insert a healthy version of the ADA gene. The edited stem cells are then transplanted back into the patient.<\/p>\n<p>Alessandro Aiuti at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/italy\/san-raffaele-telethon-institute-for-gene-therapy-hsr-tiget\/513906d434d6b65e6a000fa1\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/italy\/san-raffaele-telethon-institute-for-gene-therapy-hsr-tiget\/513906d434d6b65e6a000fa1\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy<\/a>in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/country-outputs\/Italy\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/country-outputs\/Italy\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Italy<\/a>\u00a0recalls the first patients who were treated with Strimvelis in the early 2000s, and the anxious post-transplant wait to see if the altered stem cells would generate functional, enzyme-producing immune cells.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI remember the first blood count; we were excited, thrilled by the fact that we started to see the new lymphocytes, or white blood cells, coming out,\u201d says Aiuti.\u201cThen we started to vaccinate them with the measles vaccine, varicella vaccine, and they responded, producing antibodies. This was real proof that they could overcome infection.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>All 18 children with ADA-SCID treated with Strimvelis between 2000 and 2011 survived; in contrast, untreated babies with the disease typically die before age two.<\/p>\n<p>Another class of genetic childhood disorder being treated with a combination of stem-cell and gene therapies are the leukodystrophies: rare, degenerative diseases of the nervous system. In metachromatic leukodystrophy, a genetic mutation causes a deficiency of the arylsulphatase A enzyme, which in turn causes a loss of myelin, an insulating layer that forms around nerve cells. Children who develop the disease in early infancy rarely survive past childhood.<\/p>\n<p>When Alessandra Biffi at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/united-states-of-america-usa\/dana-farber-boston-children-s-cancer-and-blood-disorders-center\/54bdfc78140ba0ec2b8b456a\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/united-states-of-america-usa\/dana-farber-boston-children-s-cancer-and-blood-disorders-center\/54bdfc78140ba0ec2b8b456a\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Dana-Farber\/Boston Children\u2019s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/country-outputs\/United%20States%20of%20America%20(USA)\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/country-outputs\/United%20States%20of%20America%20(USA)\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">US<\/a>\u00a0became interested in this disease, the hope was that donor stem-cell transplants could repopulate the nervous system with healthy functioning brain cells called microglia, which would produce the missing arylsulphatase A enzyme.<\/p>\n<p>But early results of these donor transplants weren\u2019t as promising as researchers had hoped; simply replacing the deficient microglial cells wasn\u2019t enough to restore functional enzyme levels.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe tried to think of how to increase the efficacy of this procedure, and we started using a family of viruses called lentiviral vectors to generate patient-derived haematopoietic stem cells that are able to produce higher quantities of the lysosomal enzyme,\u201d says Biffi.<\/p>\n<p>Haematopoietic stem cells are harvested from an affected patient, and a virus is used to insert the arylsulphatase A enzyme gene, as well as another gene that significantly boosts its expression. The resulting cells produce much greater quantities of the missing enzyme when transplanted back into the patient. The treatment has so far been trialled in nine children with early-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe results have been very positive, in the sense that children who were treated before clinical onset of symptoms have manifested a very mild or even no disease manifestations upon treatment,\u201d says Biffi.<\/p>\n<p>In both of these examples, the altered stem cells have been transplanted back into patients and left to do what they do best, which is make new cells.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01442-w\/d41586-019-01442-w_16708592.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-01442-w\/d41586-019-01442-w_16708592.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\">Source: Nature Index\/Dimensions from Digital Science<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Michele De Luca at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/italy\/centre-for-regenerative-medicine-stefano-ferrari-cmr-unimore\/557542f5140ba0be6a8b457f\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/italy\/centre-for-regenerative-medicine-stefano-ferrari-cmr-unimore\/557542f5140ba0be6a8b457f\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Centre for Regenerative Medicine \u2018Stefano Ferrari\u2019<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/italy\/university-of-modena-and-reggio-emilia-unimore\/513906bf34d6b65e6a000674\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/italy\/university-of-modena-and-reggio-emilia-unimore\/513906bf34d6b65e6a000674\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">University of Modena and Reggio Emilia<\/a>\u00a0in Italy has gone one step further; his team is using patient-derived skin stem cells to grow skin grafts that have been genetically engineered to fix the mutation that causes the blistering disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa.<\/p>\n<p>In one remarkable case in 2017, this approach was used to treat a young boy whose life was in grave danger after he lost nearly 80% of his skin to the disease. De Luca and his team harvested epidermal stem cells from the child, used a viral vector to insert a correct copy of the mutant gene, and grew skin grafts from the altered stem cells. Once this lab-grown skin was grafted on to the boy\u2019s body, it behaved like healthy skin and showed no signs of blistering.<\/p>\n<p>De Luca stresses that unlike treatments for ADA-SCID and leukodystrophy, this is not a cure for the disease. \u201cWe are just taking care of some of the tissues that are involved in the disease by making a gene correction.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Correcting a genetic blip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sickle cell disease has become a prime target for gene therapy, because by simply swapping one amino acid for another in the haemoglobin gene, millions could avoid the debilitating chronic anaemia that results from the disorder.<\/p>\n<p>Preclinical research in mice has shown that CRISPR\u2013Cas9 gene-editing technology can be used to correct the mutated haemoglobin gene in 20\u201325% of haematopoietic stem cells. Mark Walters of the blood and bone marrow transplant programme at the UCSF Benioff Children\u2019s Hospital in the US says this is almost certainly enough to have strong clinical benefit.<\/p>\n<p>The next step is to test it in humans, and although the risks and side-effects are well known when transplanting a patient\u2019s own cells back into their body, less is known about the potential \u2018off-target\u2019 effects of gene editing.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBesides this targeted sickle mutation, what other areas in the human genome, that\u2019s so huge, might be targeted by the same reagents?\u201d asks Walters.<\/p>\n<p>Because the gene editing happens outside the patient, there is an opportunity to filter out any aberrant stem cells before they are transplanted back into the patient. But that doesn\u2019t guarantee that all of the transplanted cells will be perfect.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cImagine that it\u2019s a very rare event and it escapes the level of detection of your assays for safety, and it may not manifest for many years after you\u2019ve reinfused that altered cell,\u201d says Walters. \u201cIt may take two or three years before you discover that patients are developing leukaemia, so that\u2019s what\u2019s really hard about a new therapy \u2014 it really is an experiment in humans.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Making better cells<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Melton and colleagues at Harvard\u2019s Stem Cell Institute are exploring the potential of combining stem cells and gene therapy to not only fix genetic mutations, but to make better cells. His research is focused on tweaking stem cells with CRISPR\u2013Cas9 to generate replacement insulin-producing pancreatic \u2018islet\u2019 cells for people with type 1 diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Here the challenge is to create the right mix of cells, and help them to avoid obliteration by an aberrant immune system that treats all insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells as the enemy. One possibility is to use gene editing to remove the markers on transplanted cells, called the major histocompatibility complex, that red-flag them for the host\u2019s immune system.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese major histocompatibility loci, the MHC genes, are like billboards on cells, which tell the body they\u2019re your cell. So, the first thing we\u2019re doing is we\u2019ve removed those billboards, using CRISPR,\u201d says Melton. But another type of immune cell will destroy any cell that lacks those billboards, so the next challenge is to work out how to edit the transplanted cells to evade that type of immune cell, too.<\/p>\n<p>A similar approach could be used to make the immune system\u2019s T cells resistant to HIV infection. HIV uses the CCR5 receptor protein on the surface of T cells to gain access to and hijack the immune system, so individuals with mutant CCR5 receptors are resistant to the virus.<\/p>\n<p>The so-called Berlin patient, a man who was cured of HIV in 2008 after receiving a donor stem-cell transplant to treat his leukaemia, showed that it was possible to kick the virus out by infusing an HIV-positive person with stem cells that had a mutated CCR5 receptor. Igor Slukvin and colleagues at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/united-states-of-america-usa\/wisconsin-national-primate-research-center-wnprc-uw-madison\/513906c434d6b65e6a000938\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/institution-outputs\/united-states-of-america-usa\/wisconsin-national-primate-research-center-wnprc-uw-madison\/513906c434d6b65e6a000938\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">Wisconsin National Primate Research Centre<\/a>\u00a0in the US have been trying to replicate this effect using CRISPR\u2013Cas9 to edit stem cells.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou can edit a gene in these cells and make them CCR5-deficient. Then when you make blood cells from these pluripotent stem cells, they remain CCR5-deficient, which means they are going to be resistant to HIV,\u201d says Slukvin.<\/p>\n<p>Human trials are underway for this approach, but the phase I study, which uses a different gene-editing technique to disrupt the CCR5 receptor gene, is yet to report outcomes.<\/p>\n<p>Biffi says stem cells could help gene therapy finally deliver on the potential seen more a decade ago, when expectations for this new technology were so high. \u201cAmong the most successful applications of gene therapy that have been reported over the past recent years, many, if not most, rely on the use of haematopoietic stem cells,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s a sense of promise that is finally being met.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>569<\/strong>, S23-S25 (2019)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-019-01442-w<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-01442-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; This scientific partnership could fight everything from blood diseases to HIV. &nbsp; A culture from human tissue showing neurons derived from stem cells.Credit:<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3524\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[32,33,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essays-on-science","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-science"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2952,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2952","url_meta":{"origin":3524,"position":0},"title":"The CRISPR \ufefffix that could combat inherited blood disorders","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 27, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 Researchers have finally identified a reliable way to edit the genes of blood stem cells. \u00a0 The elongated red blood cells of people with sickle-cell disease can block small blood vessels, reducing the flow of oxygen to nearby tissues. Credit: Eye of Science\/SPL \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 An enhanced version\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3984,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3984","url_meta":{"origin":3524,"position":1},"title":"Enriching stem cells for gene editing","author":"biochemistry","date":"August 3, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 may allow targeted treatment for a variety of genetic diseases. These include inherited abnormalities of \u03b2 hemoglobin, which can be indirectly targeted by increasing the amount of healthy fetal hemoglobin without fully correcting the disease-causing mutation. Humbert\u00a0et al.\u00a0used CRISPR-based gene editing to modify hematopoietic\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4084,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4084","url_meta":{"origin":3524,"position":2},"title":"Scientists use gene-edited stem cells to treat HIV \u2014 with mixed success","author":"biochemistry","date":"September 17, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Modified cells survived 19 months after transplant into an HIV-positive man in China, but the dose was not enough to reduce his viral load. \u00a0 \u00a0 HIV destroys the body's defences by attacking immune cells.\u00a0Credit: Steve Gschmeissner\/Science Photo Library \u00a0 \u00a0 For the first time, researchers have used\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1811,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1811","url_meta":{"origin":3524,"position":3},"title":"The multitasking cell that can build the parts of a human skeleton","author":"biochemistry","date":"September 23, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 Cells sprout into bits of human bone when implanted in mice. \u00a0 Human stem cells that give rise to bone, cartilage and other skeletal tissues have been isolated for the first time, opening the door to new treatments for debilitating conditions such as osteoarthritis. Stem\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4155,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4155","url_meta":{"origin":3524,"position":4},"title":"The potent effects of Japan\u2019s stem-cell policies","author":"biochemistry","date":"September 27, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 A five-year regulatory free-for-all in regenerative medicine has given the industry a boost. But patients might be paying the price. \u00a0 \u00a0 Illustration by Fabio Buonocore \u00a0PDF version \u00a0 \u00a0 Tucked away in Tokyo\u2019s trendiest fashion district \u2014 two floors above a pricey French patisserie, and alongside nail\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2797,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=2797","url_meta":{"origin":3524,"position":5},"title":"Why science needs philosophy","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 8, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 \uc544\ub798\uc758 \uae00\uc740 PNAS\uc5d0 \uac8c\uc7ac\ub41c Opinion\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u00a0 A knowledge of the historic and philosophical background gives that kind of independence from prejudices of his generation from which most scientists are suffering. This independence created by philosophical insight is\u2014in my opinion\u2014the mark of distinction between a mere artisan or specialist\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Essays on Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Essays on Science","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=32"},"img":{"alt_text":"Figure1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/116\/10\/3948\/F1.medium.gif?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9Xo1j-UQ","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3524"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3524\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3525,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3524\/revisions\/3525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3524"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3524"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}