![\"Scanning](\"\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-019-00991-4\/d41586-019-00991-4_16576768.jpg\")
<\/div>\n<\/div>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\u00a0bacteria can be responsible for persistent infections in wounds such as bedsores.<\/span>\u00a0Credit: James Cavallini\/Science Photo Library<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n A bacterium which is responsible for about 10% of hospital-acquired infections in the US uses a virus to trick a person\u2019s immune system into ignoring it.<\/p>\n The virus, known as a phage, infects the\u00a0Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>bacterium, which frequently\u00a0resists antibiotic treatment<\/a>. The phage prompts the immune system into going after it instead of its microbe host, researchers report1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0on 28 March in\u00a0Science<\/i>. The bacterium and the phage, called Pf, exist in a symbiotic relationship that scientists suspect is more widespread in the microbial world than previously believed. The finding could help to explain why the immune system tolerates helpful bacteria, such as those in the gut, and could lead to better treatments for infections.<\/p>\n Although\u00a0some phages kill their bacterial hosts<\/a>, others live happily inside the microbes without killing them. Researchers have long suspected that this coexistence means that the viruses are advantageous for the bacteria in some way.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Open wounds<\/strong><\/p>\n To study whether phages affect how bacteria interact with their hosts, immunologist Paul Bollyky of Stanford University in California collected swabs from chronic wounds, such as infected burns, in 111 people. Of these, 37 wounds were infected with\u00a0P. aeruginosa<\/i>.<\/p>\n The researchers found that 68% of the\u00a0P. aeruginosa<\/i>\u00a0infections contained the Pf virus. When Bollyky and his colleagues transferred these phage-infected bacteria into open wounds on mice, they found that it took fewer bacteria to start an infection and that the rodents were more likely to die of their wounds than when the scientists used\u00a0P. aeruginosa<\/i>\u00a0without Pf.<\/p>\n The bacteria attracted immune cells called phagocytes, which eat bacteria but avoid viruses. When the phagocytes attacked wounds infected with\u00a0P. aeruginosa<\/i>\u00a0and Pf, they soon left after eating only a few bacteria. The phagocytes that had ingested the infected bacteria then sent signals attracting immune cells that only attack viruses to the area.<\/p>\n The team was able to reduce\u00a0P. aeruginosa<\/i>\u00a0infections by vaccinating mice against Pf before infecting them with the bacterium\u2013virus combination.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Target practice<\/strong><\/p>\n The researchers think that the phages mimic human viruses by making double-stranded RNA, which triggers the immune system to attack. Bollyky suggests that similar mechanisms could partly explain why the immune system tolerates normal, helpful bacteria that live in our bodies.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s a breakthrough paper,\u201d says Andrzej G\u00f3rski, a bacteriologist at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Wroc\u0142aw. Other research has suggested that phages affect inflammation and might have a role in preventing allergies2<\/a><\/sup>, but G\u00f3rski says the latest paper is the first to show how phages harm human health. These viruses don\u2019t just eat bacteria \u2014 they can also affect a person\u2019s immune system, for good or ill, G\u00f3rski says.<\/p>\n Breck Duerkop, a microbiologist at the University of Colorado in Aurora, calls the finding \u201castounding\u201d. He says that researchers will now be forced to think more broadly about the microbiome \u2014 the collection of bacteria in the human body. \u201cI think it adds a layer of complexity to host\u2013microbiome interactions that was largely overlooked.\u201d<\/p>\n For now, Bollyky and his group are working on more immediate, clinical aspects of their finding. They have patented the Pf vaccine and are testing it in pigs that have burns or skin wounds. The researchers are investigating Pf as they would a human virus such as influenza or hepatitis, Bollyky says. They want to decipher how Pf interacts with the body and whether targeting it could help to treat infections. But Bollyky hopes that other teams will begin looking broadly for other bacterium\u2013virus pairs that function in a similar way.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n (\uc6d0\ubb38: \uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"