{"id":1814,"date":"2018-09-23T16:08:20","date_gmt":"2018-09-23T07:08:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=1814"},"modified":"2019-10-15T19:06:40","modified_gmt":"2019-10-15T10:06:40","slug":"worlds-first-animal-was-a-pancake-shaped-prehistoric-ocean-dweller","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1814","title":{"rendered":"World’s first animal was a pancake-shaped prehistoric ocean dweller"},"content":{"rendered":"

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(\uc6d0\ubb38<\/a>)<\/p>\n

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Fossils of ancient sea creatures answer a long-standing question about how animals became bigger and more complex.<\/h5>\n

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The strange sea creatures known as\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>, shown here in fossil form, lived 558 million years ago.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Fossil imprints that resemble the rippled underside of a mushroom\u2019s cap are remnants of the oldest-known animals in Earth\u2019s history. The finding, published in\u00a0Science<\/i>\u00a0on 20 September1<\/a><\/sup>, is based on a chemical analysis of fatty molecules preserved in the fossils. It could alter the current story of how animals and other complex life arose.<\/p>\n

Researchers first discovered the pancake-shaped creatures \u2014 a group known as\u00a0Dickinsonia \u2014\u00a0<\/i>in the late 1940s. The species were among the most common residents of the world\u2019s oceans 558 million years ago, during the Ediacaran period. Whereas most living things during that time ranged in size from microscopic to a few millimetres long, some\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>\u00a0grew up to 1.4 metres in length.<\/p>\n

The creatures\u2019 large size has puzzled scientists because\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>lived tens of millions of years before\u00a0the Cambrian explosion, the period 541 million years ago when living things became bigger<\/a>\u00a0and most major animal groups emerged. Scientists have since debated whether\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>\u00a0were primitive animals, giant single-celled organisms called protists, bacterial colonies or\u00a0something else entirely<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The latest study attempts to end that debate by analysing chemical biomarkers preserved in a unique set of\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>\u00a0fossils from Russia, rather than by examining the ancient species\u2019 body characteristics.<\/p>\n

Fossil fats<\/h6>\n

A team led by Jochen Brocks, a palaeobiogeochemist at the Australian National University in Canberra, examined ring-like fat molecules called sterols that infiltrate the membrane surrounding a cell to keep it flexible and fluid. Plants, animals, fungi and bacteria all contain sterols, but the type of sterol that predominates in each group differs. Animals mainly make cholesterol, and the fungi that form colourful, crusty lichens found on boulders have only ergosterol. Under the right conditions, these chemicals can persist for millions of years, and so help to determine a fossilized organism\u2019s evolutionary relationships.<\/p>\n

Fossils that contain these preserved biomarkers are rare, but strewn around the shores of the White Sea in northwestern Russia lie Ediacaran fossils \u2014 including\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>\u00a0\u2014 embedded in a fossilized mat of algae, with their organic matter and fats perfectly preserved. \u201cThey are, in principle, mummified dickinsonians,\u201d Brocks says. \u201cIt\u2019s just incredibly lucky.\u201d<\/p>\n

But the team\u2019s analysis revealed dramatic differences in the composition of the biomarker samples. Whereas the surrounding rocks and algal mats contained only about 10% cholesterol and 75% of another sterol that is common in green algae, the\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>\u00a0fossils contained 93% cholesterol \u2014 suggesting that they were ancient animals living 17 million years before the Cambrian explosion.<\/p>\n

The technique provides an entirely different way of determining\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>\u2019s place on the evolutionary tree, says Guy Narbonne, a palaeobiologist at Queen\u2019s University in Kingston, Canada. \u201cI think it\u2019s quite imaginative.\u201d The findings from the chemical analysis reinforce other evidence that\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>\u00a0were primitive animals, he says. This includes fossil \u2018footprints\u2019 that show the organisms moved from place to place for food, and growth patterns that match those of most animals today.<\/p>\n

The latest findings also suggest that the transition between the Cambrian and the Precambrian, which includes the Ediacaran, was just another extinction event in which one animal community replaced another, Brocks says. \u201cBut now the jury\u2019s out on all the other weirdos.\u201d<\/p>\n

Analyses that have compared the DNA of living creatures today to trace back their evolutionary trees suggest that animals originated more than 100 million years before the Cambrian \u2014 well before even\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/i>2<\/a><\/sup>. But finding the fossils of these creatures, and then proving they are animals, remains challenging.<\/p>\n

Rangeomorphs, strange Ediacaran frond-like creatures with tubes branching in a fractal pattern, for example, remain a mysterious group whose relation to any living organisms is uncertain. \u201cThis would be for us the next big challenge,\u201d Brocks says. \u201cTrying to get hold of those strange creatures and find out what they were.\u201d<\/p>\n

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doi: 10.1038\/d41586-018-06767-6<\/div>\n

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http:\/\/dongascience.donga.com\/news\/view\/24057<\/p>\n

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\uc5ed\ub300 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc624\ub798\ub41c \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c \ud654\uc11d \ubc1c\uacac<\/h5>\n

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\ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c \ucd9c\ud604, \uae30\uc874 \uc608\uc0c1\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ucd5c\uc18c 1600\ub9cc \ub144 \uc55e\uc11c<\/strong>
\n\u201c\ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544\ub294 \ub3d9\ubb3c?\u201d<\/strong>\u00a070\uc5ec \ub144 \ud559\uacc4 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc885\uc9c0\ubd80<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\ud604\uc7ac\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc1c\uacac\ub41c \ub3d9\ubb3c\ud654\uc11d \uc911 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc624\ub798\ub41c 5\uc5b55800\ub9cc \ub144 \uc804 \ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544\uc758 \ud654\uc11d. \uc0bc\uc5fd\ucda9\uacfc \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uc774 \uc0dd\ubb3c\uc740 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud55c \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ub410\ub2e4. – \uad6d\ub9bd\ud638\uc8fc\ub300 \uc81c\uacf5<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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5\uc5b55800\ub9cc \ub144 \uc804\uc5d0 \uc0b4\uc558\ub358 \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc758 \ud654\uc11d\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub410\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc1c\uacac\ub41c \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c \ud654\uc11d \uc911 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc624\ub798\ub410\ub2e4. \uc774\ub85c\uc368 \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc758 \ucd9c\ud604 \uc2dc\uae30\ub294 \uae30\uc874 \uc608\uc0c1\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc218\ucc9c \ub9cc \ub144 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc55e\ub2f9\uaca8\uc84c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc870\uccb8 \ube0c\ub85d\uc2a4 \uad6d\ub9bd\ud638\uc8fc\ub300 \uad50\uc218\ud300\uc774 \uc774\ub048 \uad6d\uc81c \uacf5\ub3d9 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc9c4\uc740 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544 \ubd81\uc11c\ubd80 \ubc31\ud574(\u767d\u6d77) \uc778\uadfc \uc808\ubcbd\uc5d0\uc11c 5\uc5b55800\ub9cc \ub144 \uc804 \uc0dd\ubb3c\uc758 \ud654\uc11d\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud558\uace0, \ud568\uaed8 \ubcf4\uc874\ub3fc \uc788\ub358 \uc138\ud3ec \uc870\uc9c1\uc5d0\uc11c \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc131 \uc9c0\ubc29\uc778 \ucf5c\ub808\uc2a4\ud14c\ub864 \uc131\ubd84\uc744 \uac80\ucd9c\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uad6d\uc81c\ud559\uc220\uc9c0 \u2018\uc0ac\uc774\uc5b8\uc2a4\u2019 21\uc77c\uc790\uc5d0 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ucf5c\ub808\uc2a4\ud14c\ub864\uc740 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc138\ud3ec\uc758 \uc138\ud3ec\ub9c9\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uae30\ubcf8 \ubb3c\uc9c8\ub85c \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub9cc \uac00\uc9c4 \uc131\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4. \uae38\uc774 1.4m, \uc0bc\uc5fd\ucda9\uc744 \ub2ee\uc740 \ud654\uc11d \uc18d \uc0dd\ubb3c\uc740 \uc120(\u5148)\uce84\ube0c\ub9ac\uc544\uae30 \uc5d0\ub514\uc544\uce74\ub77c \uc0dd\ubb3c\uad70\uc758 \uc77c\uc885\uc778 \u2018\ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544\u2019\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ub410\ub2e4. \ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544\uac00 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud558\ub294 \uc9c1\uc811\uc801\uc778 \uc99d\uac70\ub97c \ucc3e\uc740 \uac83\uc740 \uc774\ubc88\uc774 \ucc98\uc74c\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

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5\uc5b55800\ub9cc \ub144 \uc804 \ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544(\uc5d0\ub514\uc544\uce74\ub77c \uc0dd\ubb3c\uad70\uc758 \uc77c\uc885) \ud654\uc11d\uc5d0 \ubcf4\uc874\ub3fc \uc788\ub358 \uc138\ud3ec \uc870\uc9c1. \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc131 \uc9c0\ubc29\uc778 \ucf5c\ub808\uc2a4\ud14c\ub864 \uc131\ubd84\uc774 \uac80\ucd9c\ub3fc \ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544\uac00 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc810\uc774 \ucc98\uc74c \uc785\uc99d\ub410\ub2e4. – \uad6d\ub9bd\ud638\uc8fc\ub300 \uc81c\uacf5<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\uc9c0\ub09c 70\uc5ec \ub144\uac04 \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \uc0dd\ubb3c\uc778 \ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544\ub97c \ube44\ub86f\ud55c \uc5d0\ub514\uc544\uce74\ub77c \uc0dd\ubb3c\uad70\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\ub294 \ubd88\ubd84\uba85\ud588\ub2e4. \ud615\ud0dc\ud559\uc801 \ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud588\ub358 \ub9cc\ud07c \ud559\uc790\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uacac\ud574\uac00 \ub2ec\ub790\ub2e4. \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ub418\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uacfc \uc2dd\ubb3c\uc758 \uc911\uac04\uccb4\ub85c \ubd84\ub958\ub418\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ubc88 \ubc1c\uacac\uc73c\ub85c \ud559\uacc4\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc624\ub79c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc5d0 \uc885\uc9c0\ubd80\ub97c \ucc0d\uac8c \ub410\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc5d0\ub514\uc544\uce74\ub77c \uc0dd\ubb3c\uad70\uc774 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ucd9c\ud604\ud55c \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\ub3c4 \uc785\uc99d\ub410\ub2e4. \uc774\uc804\uae4c\uc9c0\ub294 \ub2e4\uc138\ud3ec \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc774 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc885\ub958\uc758 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc774 \ud654\uc11d\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uad74\ub41c \uce84\ube0c\ub9ac\uc544\uae30(\uc57d 5\uc5b54200\ub9cc \ub144 \uc804~4\uc5b58800\ub9cc \ub144 \uc804)\uc5d0 \ucc98\uc74c \uc9c0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubd24\ub2e4. \uce84\ube0c\ub9ac\uc544\uae30 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc758 \ud654\uc11d\uc774 \ub300\uac70 \ubc1c\uacac\ub41c \uc0ac\uac74\uc744 \u2018\uce84\ube0c\ub9ac\uc544\uae30 \ub300\ud3ed\ubc1c\u2019\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ub41c \ub514\ud0a8\uc18c\ub2c8\uc544\uac00 \uc774\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ucd5c\uc18c 1600\ub9cc \ub144 \uc55e\uc120 5\uc5b55800\ub9cc \ub144\uc758 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1d\ud600\uc9c0\uba74\uc11c \uae30\uc874 \uc774\ub860\ub3c4 \ud754\ub4e4\ub9ac\uac8c \ub410\ub2e4. \ube0c\ub85d\uc2a4 \uad50\uc218\ub294 \u201c\uce84\ube0c\ub9ac\uc544\uae30 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc774\ubbf8 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \ubc29\uc99d\ud558\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\u201d\ub77c\uace0 \ubc1d\ud614\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

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Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/em>as one of the earliest animals<\/h5>\n

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Science\u00a0<\/cite>\u00a021 Sep 2018:
\nVol. 361, Issue 6408, pp. 1246-1249
\nDOI: 10.1126\/science.aat7228<\/p>\n

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\uc5ec\uae30<\/u><\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~<\/p>\n

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Confirming the identity of early animals<\/h6>\n

The first complex organisms emerged during the Ediacaran period, around 600 million years ago. The taxonomic affiliation of many of these organisms has been difficult to discern. Fossils of\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/em>, bilaterally symmetrical oval organisms, have been particularly difficult to classify. Bobrovskiy\u00a0et al.<\/em>\u00a0conducted an analysis using lipid biomarkers obtained from\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/em>\u00a0fossils and found that the fossils contained almost exclusively cholesteroids, a marker found only in animals (see the Perspective by Summons and Erwin). Thus,\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/em>\u00a0were basal animals. This supports the idea that the Ediacaran biota may have been a precursor to the explosion of animal forms later observed in the Cambrian, about 500 million years ago.<\/p>\n

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Abstract<\/h6>\n

The enigmatic Ediacara biota (571 million to 541 million years ago) represents the first macroscopic complex organisms in the geological record and may hold the key to our understanding of the origin of animals. Ediacaran macrofossils are as \u201cstrange as life on another planet\u201d and have evaded taxonomic classification, with interpretations ranging from marine animals or giant single-celled protists to terrestrial lichens. Here, we show that lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils unambiguously clarify their phylogeny.\u00a0Dickinsonia<\/em>\u00a0and its relatives solely produced cholesteroids, a hallmark of animals. Our results make these iconic members of the Ediacara biota the oldest confirmed macroscopic animals in the rock record, indicating that the appearance of the Ediacara biota was indeed a prelude to the Cambrian explosion of animal life.<\/p>\n

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    (\uc6d0\ubb38)     Fossils of ancient sea creatures answer a long-standing question about how animals became bigger and more complex.     The(more…)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[33,29,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1814","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-science","category-recent-science-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3570,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3570","url_meta":{"origin":1814,"position":0},"title":"Billion-year-old fossils set back evolution of earliest fungi","author":"biochemistry","date":"May 23, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Microscopic specimens discovered in the Canadian Arctic are surprisingly intricate. \u00a0 \u00a0 This fungus in Costa Rica may ultimately have evolved from a species that emerged one billion years ago.Credit: Alex Hyde\/Nature Picture Library\/Science Photo Library \u00a0 \u00a0 Minute fossils pulled from remote Arctic Canada could push back\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Let's Do Biology!"","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3885,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3885","url_meta":{"origin":1814,"position":1},"title":"Was our species in Europe 210,000 years ago?","author":"biochemistry","date":"July 16, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 In the late 1970s, anthropologists exploring a cave on the rugged coast of southern Greece found two mysterious hominin skull fossils. Time had left them fragmented and distorted, and the jumbled stratigraphy of the cave made them hard to date. For decades, the fossils sat on a shelf,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Let's Do Biology!"","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3852,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3852","url_meta":{"origin":1814,"position":2},"title":"Move over, DNA: ancient proteins are starting to reveal humanity\u2019s history","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 27, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Proteins dating back more than one million years have been extracted from some fossils, and could help to answer some difficult questions about archaic humans. \u00a0 \u00a0 Homo floresiensis\u00a0is one of the species researchers hope to study by sequencing ancient proteins. Credit: Adapted from World History Archive\/Alamy \u00a0\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Let's Do Biology!"","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4695,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4695","url_meta":{"origin":1814,"position":3},"title":"How Australopithecus provided insight into human evolution","author":"biochemistry","date":"October 31, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 In 1925, a\u00a0Nature\u00a0paper reported an African fossil of a previously unknown genus called\u00a0Australopithecus. 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