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It had been hiding in plain sight. The original letter \u2014 long thought lost \u2014 in which Galileo Galilei first set down his arguments against the church\u2019s doctrine that the Sun orbits the Earth has been discovered in a misdated library catalogue in London. Its unearthing and analysis expose critical new details about the saga that led to the astronomer\u2019s condemnation for heresy in 1633.<\/p>\n
The seven-page letter, written to a friend on 21 December 1613 and signed \u201cG.G.\u201d, provides the strongest evidence yet that, at the start of his battle with the religious authorities, Galileo actively engaged in damage control and tried to spread a toned-down version of his claims.<\/p>\n
Many copies of the letter were made, and two differing versions exist \u2014 one that was sent to the Inquisition in Rome and another with less inflammatory language. But because the original letter was assumed to be lost, it wasn\u2019t clear whether incensed clergymen had doctored the letter to strengthen their case for heresy \u2014 something Galileo complained about to friends \u2014 or whether Galileo wrote the strong version, then decided to soften his own words.<\/p>\n
Galileo did the editing, it seems. The newly unearthed letter is dotted with scorings-out and amendments \u2014 and handwriting analysis suggests that Galileo wrote it. He shared a copy of this softened version with a friend, claiming it was his original, and urged him to send it to the Vatican.<\/p>\n
The letter has been in the Royal Society\u2019s possession for at least 250 years, but escaped the notice of historians. It was rediscovered in the library there by Salvatore Ricciardo, a postdoctoral science historian at the University of Bergamo in Italy, who visited on 2 August for a different purpose, and then browsed the online catalogue.<\/p>\n
\u201cI thought, \u2018I can\u2019t believe that I have discovered the letter that virtually all Galileo scholars thought to be hopelessly lost,\u2019\u201d says Ricciardo. \u201cIt seemed even more incredible because the letter was not in an obscure library, but in the Royal Society library.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ricciardo, together with his supervisor Franco Giudice at the University of Bergamo and science historian Michele Camerota of the University of Cagliari, describe the letter\u2019s details and implications in an article in press at the Royal Society journal\u00a0Notes and Records<\/i>. Some science historians declined to comment on the finding before they had scrutinized the article. But Allan Chapman, a science historian at the University of Oxford, UK, and president of the Society for the History of Astronomy, says \u201cit\u2019s so valuable \u2014 it will allow new insights into this critical period\u201d.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n The first and last page of Galileo\u2019s letter to his friend Benedetto Castelli. The last page shows his signature, \u201cG. G.\u201d.<\/span>Credit: The Royal Society<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n Galileo wrote the 1613 letter to Benedetto Castelli, a mathematician at the University of Pisa in Italy. In it, Galileo set out for the first time his arguments that scientific research should be free from theological doctrine (see \u2018The Galileo affair\u2019).<\/p>\n He argued that the scant references in the Bible to astronomical events should not be taken literally, because scribes had simplified these descriptions so that they could be understood by common people. Religious authorities who argued otherwise, he wrote, didn\u2019t have the competence to judge. Most crucially, he reasoned that the heliocentric model of Earth orbiting the Sun, proposed by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus 70 years earlier, is not actually incompatible with the Bible.<\/p>\n Galileo, who by then was living in Florence, wrote thousands of letters, many of which are scientific treatises. Copies of the most significant were immediately made by different readers and widely circulated.<\/p>\n His letter to Castelli caused a storm.<\/p>\n Of the two versions known to survive, one is now held in the Vatican Secret Archives. This version was sent to the Inquisition in Rome on 7 February 1615, by a Dominican friar named Niccol\u00f2 Lorini. Historians know that Castelli then returned Galileo\u2019s 1613 letter to him, and that on 16 February 1615 Galileo wrote to his friend Piero Dini, a cleric in Rome, suggesting that the version Lorini had sent to the Inquisition might have been doctored. Galileo enclosed with that letter a less inflammatory version of the document, which he said was the correct one, and asked Dini to pass it on to Vatican theologians.<\/p>\n His letter to Dini complains of the \u201cwickedness and ignorance\u201d of his enemies, and lays out his concern that the Inquisition \u201cmay be in part deceived by this fraud which is going around under the cloak of zeal and charity\u201d.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Galileo\u2019s celestial ideas were deemed heretical and he lived his final nine years under house arrest.<\/span>Credit: DeAgostini\/Getty<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n At least a dozen copies of the version Galileo sent to Dini are now held in different collections.<\/p>\n The existence of the two versions created confusion among scholars over which corresponded to Galileo\u2019s original.<\/p>\n Beneath its scratchings-out and amendments, the signed copy discovered by Ricciardo shows Galileo\u2019s original wording \u2014 and it is the same as in the Lorini copy. The changes are telling. In one case, Galileo referred to certain propositions in the Bible as \u201cfalse if one goes by the literal meaning of the words\u201d. He crossed through the word \u201cfalse\u201d, and replaced it with \u201clook different from the truth\u201d. In another section, he changed his reference to the Scriptures \u201cconcealing\u201d its most basic dogmas, to the weaker \u201cveiling\u201d.<\/p>\n This suggests that Galileo moderated his own text, says Giudice. To be certain that the letter really was written in Galileo\u2019s hand, the three researchers compared individual words in it with similar words in other works written by Galileo around the same time.<\/p>\n 1543<\/b>\u00a0Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes his book\u00a0On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres<\/i>, which proposes that the planets orbit the Sun.<\/p>\n 1600<\/b>\u00a0The Inquisition in Rome convicts Dominican friar and mathematician Giordano Bruno of heresy on multiple counts, including supporting and extending the Copernican model. Bruno is burnt at the stake.<\/p>\n 1610<\/b>\u00a0Galileo publishes his book\u00a0The<\/i>\u00a0Starry Messenger<\/i>\u00a0(Sidereus nuncius<\/i>), describing discoveries made with his newly built telescope that provide evidence for the Copernican model.<\/p>\n 1613<\/b>\u00a0Galileo writes a letter to his friend Benedetto Castelli, arguing against the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church in matters of astronomy. Copies of this letter are circulated.<\/p>\n 1615<\/b>\u00a0Dominican friar Niccol\u00f2 Lorini forwards a copy of the letter to the inquisition in Rome. Galileo asks a friend to forward what he claims to be a copy of his original letter to Rome; this version is less inflammatory than Lorini\u2019s.<\/p>\n 1616<\/b>\u00a0Galileo is warned to abandon his support of the Copernican model. Books supporting the Copernican model are banned.\u00a0On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres<\/i>\u00a0is withdrawn from circulation pending correction to clarify that it is only a theory.<\/p>\n 1632<\/b>\u00a0Galileo publishes\u00a0Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems<\/i>, in which he lays out the various evidence for and against the Church\u2019s Ptolemaic model of the Solar System, and the Copernican model. The Inquisition summons Galileo to Rome to stand trial.<\/p>\n 1633<\/b>\u00a0Galileo is convicted on \u201cvehement suspicion of heresy\u201d and the book is banned. He is issued with a prison sentence, later commuted to house arrest, under which lived the last nine years of his life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n Ricciardo uncovered the document when he was spending a month this summer touring British libraries to study any handwritten comments that readers might have left on Galileo\u2019s printed works. When his one day at the Royal Society was finished, he idly flicked through the online catalogue looking for anything to do with Castelli, whose writings he had recently finished editing.<\/p>\n One entry jumped out at him \u2014 a letter that Galileo wrote to Castelli. According to the catalogue, it was dated 21 October 1613. When Ricciardo examined it, his heart leapt. It appeared to include Galileo\u2019s own signature, \u201cG.G.\u201d; was actually dated 21 December 1613; and contained many crossings out. He immediately realized the letter\u2019s potential importance and asked for permission to photograph all seven pages.<\/p>\n \u201cStrange as it might seem, it has gone unnoticed for centuries, as if it were transparent,\u201d says Giudice. The misdating might be one reason that the letter has been overlooked by Galileo scholars, says Giudice. The letter was included in an 1840 Royal Society catalogue \u2014 but was also misdated there, as 21 December 1618.Another reason might be that the Royal Society is not the go-to place in the United Kingdom for this type of historical document, whose more natural home would have been the British Library.<\/p>\n The historians are now trying to trace how long the letter has been in the Royal Society library, and how it arrived there. They know that it has been there since at least the mid-eighteenth century, and they have found hints in old catalogues that it might even have been there a century or more earlier. The researchers speculate that it might have arrived at the society thanks to close connections between the Royal Society and the Academy of Experiments in Florence, which was founded in 1657 by Galileo\u2019s students but fizzled out within a decade or so.<\/p>\n For now, the researchers are stunned by their find. \u201cGalileo\u2019s letter to Castelli is one of the first secular manifestos about the freedom of science \u2014 it\u2019s the first time in my life I have been involved in such a thrilling discovery,\u201d says Giudice.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n http:\/\/www.yonhapnews.co.kr\/bulletin\/2018\/09\/26\/0200000000AKR20180926046000009.HTML?input=1195m<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n 400\uc5ec\ub144 \uc804 \uc9c0\ub3d9\uc124 \uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc11c\ud55c \uc6d0\ubcf8 \uc601\uad6d\ud559\uc220\uc6d0 \ub3c4\uc11c\uad00\uc11c \ubc1c\uacac<\/p>\n \uc544\uc2dc\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc0b0\ud0c0 \ub9c8\ub9ac\uc544 \ub378\ub9ac \uc548\uc824\ub9ac \uc131\ub2f9 \ubc16\uc758 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774 \ub3d9\uc0c1 [EPA<\/span>=\uc5f0\ud569\ub274\uc2a4]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc744 \ubc1b\uace0 \ub098\uc624\uba70 ‘\uadf8\ub798\ub3c4 \uc9c0\uad6c\ub294 \ub3c8\ub2e4’\ub294 \ub9d0\uc744 \ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc774\ud0c8\ub9ac\uc544\uc758 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc790 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uac00 \uac00\ud1a8\ub9ad \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \ucc9c\ub3d9\uc124\uc5d0 \ub9de\uc11c \uc9c0\ub3d9\uc124\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacac\ud574\ub97c \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1d\ud78c 400\uc5ec\ub144 \uc804\uc758 \ud3b8\uc9c0 \uc6d0\ubb38\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub3fc \uc774\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \ub17c\ub780\ub3c4 \uc815\ub9ac\ub420 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uc774 \ud3b8\uc9c0\ub294 \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc5d0 \uc81c\ucd9c\ub41c \uac83\uacfc \uc774\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub35c \uc790\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc84\uc804\uc774 \ub098\ub3cc\uc558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc6d0\ubcf8\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5b4 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uac83\uc774 \uc9c4\uc9dc\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \ub193\uace0 \uc758\uacac\uc774 \ubd84\ubd84\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n 26\uc77c \ub124\uc774\ucc98(Nature<\/span>)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc774\ud0c8\ub9ac\uc544 \ubca0\ub974\uac00\ubaa8 \ub300\ud559\uc758 \uacfc\ud559 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ud559\uc790 \uc0b4\ubc14\ud1a0\ub808 \ub9ac\uce58\uc544\ub974\ub3c4 \ubc15\uc0ac\ub294 \uc601\uad6d\ud559\uc220\uc6d0 \ub3c4\uc11c\uad00\uc5d0\uc11c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uac00 1613\ub144 12\uc6d4 21\uc77c \ud53c\uc0ac \ub300\ud559\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc790 \ubca0\ub124\ub370\ud1a0 \uce74\uc2a4\ud154\ub9ac\uc5d0\uac8c \ubcf4\ub0b8 \uc11c\ud55c \uc6d0\ubcf8\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ucd1d 7\ucabd\uc73c\ub85c \ub41c \uc11c\ud55c \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9 \uc7a5\uc5d0\ub294 ‘G.G.’\ub77c\ub294 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uc758 \uc11c\uba85\uc774 \uae30\uc785\ub3fc \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uae00\uc528\uccb4\ub3c4 \uc77c\uce58\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ub410\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\ub294 \uc774 \uc11c\ud55c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc131\uacbd\uc740 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc801 \uc0ac\uac74\uc744 \uc77c\ubc18\uc778\uc774 \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \uac04\ub7b5\ud788 \uae30\uc220\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc774\ub97c \uae00\uc790 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \ud574\uc11d\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc9c0\uc801\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uc885\uad50\uc801 \uad50\ub9ac\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc790\uc720\ub85c\uc6cc\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ub2f9\uc2dc \ud53c\ub80c\uccb4\uc5d0 \uc0b4\ub358 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\ub294 \uc218\ucc9c\ud1b5\uc758 \ud3b8\uc9c0\ub97c \uc37c\uc73c\uba70, \uc774 \uc911 \uc0c1\ub2f9\uc218\ub294 \uacfc\ud559\ub17c\ubb38\uc73c\ub85c \ud544\uc0ac\ubcf8\uc774 \uace7\ubc14\ub85c \ub098\ub3c4\ub294 \ub4f1 \ud30c\uae09\ub825\uc774 \ub300\ub2e8\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uac00 \uce74\uc2a4\ud154\ub9ac\uc5d0\uac8c \ubcf4\ub0b8 \uc11c\ud55c\ub3c4 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ud604\uc7ac \uad50\ud669\uccad \ube44\ubc00\ubb38\uc11c\ubcf4\uad00\uc11c\uc5d0 \uc18c\uc7a5\ub41c \uc11c\ud55c\uc740 1615\ub144 2\uc6d4 7\uc77c \ub3c4\ubbf8\ub2c8\ud06c\ud68c \uc218\uc0ac \ub2c8\ucf5c\ub85c \ub85c\ub9ac\ub2c8\uac00 \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc5d0 \uc81c\ucd9c\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub3fc\uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uad50\ud669\uccad\uc774 \uacf5\uac1c\ud55c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774 \uad00\ub828 \ubb38\uc11c\ub4e4 [\uc790\ub8cc\uc0ac\uc9c4][EPA<\/span>=\uc5f0\ud569\ub274\uc2a4]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \uc5ed\uc0ac\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc790 \uce74\uc2a4\ud154\ub9ac\uac00 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uc758 \uc11c\ud55c\uc744 \ub85c\ub9ac\ub2c8 \uc218\uc0ac\uc5d0\uac8c \uac74\ub128 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\ub294 1615\ub144 2\uc6d4 16\uc77c \uc131\uc9c1\uc790 \uce5c\uad6c\uc778 \ud53c\uc5d0\ub85c \ub514\ub2c8\uc5d0\uac8c \ubcf4\ub0b8 \uc11c\ud55c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774 \uc11c\ud55c\uc758 \uc870\uc791 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \uc81c\uae30\ud558\uba70 \uc6d0\ubcf8\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc11c\ub97c \ucca8\ubd80\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 \ub85c\ub9ac\ub2c8 \uc218\uc0ac\uac00 \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc5d0 \uc81c\ucd9c\ud55c \uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc21c\ud654\ub41c \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\ub294 \uc801\ub4e4\uc758 “\uc0ac\uc545\ud568\uacfc \ubb34\uc9c0”\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubd88\ud3c9\uc744 \ub298\uc5b4\ub193\uc73c\uba70 \uc6d0\ubcf8 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \uad50\ud669\uccad\uc5d0 \uc804\ub2ec\ud574 \uc904 \uac83\uc744 \ubd80\ud0c1\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uc774\ub807\ub4ef \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc84\uc804\uc774 \ub098\ub3cc\uba74\uc11c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uc758 \uc9c4\uc758\uac00 \uc5b4\ub290 \ucabd\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ub193\uace0 \uc758\uacac\uc774 \uac08\ub838\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub85c\ub9ac\ub2c8 \uc218\uc0ac\uac00 \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc5d0 \uc81c\ucd9c\ud55c \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc758 \uc11c\ud55c \uc6d0\ubcf8\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub428\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc774\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \ub17c\ub780\ub3c4 \uc885\uc9c0\ubd80\ub97c \ucc0d\uac8c \ub410\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\ub294 \uc11c\ud55c \uc6d0\ubcf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc131\uacbd\uc758 \ud2b9\uc815 \uc785\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 “\uac70\uc9d3(false<\/span>)”\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\ub2e4\uac00 \uc904\uc744 \uae0b\uace0 “\uc9c4\uc2e4\uacfc \ub2ec\ub77c \ubcf4\uc774\ub294(look<\/span>\u00a0different<\/span>\u00a0from<\/span>\u00a0the<\/span>\u00a0truth<\/span>)”\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\uc815\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 “\uac10\ucd94\ub294(concealing<\/span>)”\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc5b4\uac10\uc774 \uc57d\ud55c “\uac00\ub9ac\ub294(veiling<\/span>)”\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub85c \uace0\uccd0 \uc37c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uac00 \uc790\uc2e0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc5d0 \ub300\ube44\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc6d0\ubcf8\uc758 \uc790\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub97c \uc21c\ud654\ud55c \uc218\uc815 \uc11c\ud55c\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub3cc\ub9b0 \uc148\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\ub294 \uc774\ub54c \uc131\uc11c \ub0b4\uc6a9\uacfc \ubaa8\uc21c\ub418\ub294 \ud559\uc124\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc639\ud638\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uc11c\uc57d\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9c8\ubb34\ub9ac\ub3fc \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc5d0\ub294 \ud68c\ubd80\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 1632\ub144 ‘\ud504\ud1a8\ub808\ub9c8\uc774\uc624\uc2a4-\ucf54\ud398\ub974\ub2c8\ucfe0\uc2a4 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc6b0\uc8fc \uccb4\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub300\ud654’\ub97c \ucd9c\uac04\ud55c \ub4a4\uc5d0\ub294 \uacb0\uad6d \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310\uc5d0 \ub118\uaca8\uc838 \uc720\uc8c4\ud310\uacb0\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uc73c\uba70 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc8fd\uc744 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 9\ub144\uac04 \uac00\ud0dd\uc5f0\uae08 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \uc0b4\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uadf8\uac00 \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310 \ub4a4 ‘\uadf8\ub798\ub3c4 \uc9c0\uad6c\ub294 \ub3c8\ub2e4’\ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0\uc744 \ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ub110\ub9ac \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc2e4\uc81c \uadf8\ub7f0 \ub9d0\uc744 \ud588\ub294\uc9c0\ub294 \ud655\uc778\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc815\uc124\ub85c \ub3fc\uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ub9ac\uce58\uc544\ub974\ub3c4 \ubc15\uc0ac\ub294 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uc758 \uc11c\ud55c\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \uc778\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \ucd94\uac00\ub85c \uc801\uc5b4\ub123\uc740 \ucf54\uba58\ud2b8\ub97c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub2e4\uac00 1840\ub144\ub300 \uc18c\uc7a5 \ubaa9\ub85d\uc5d0 \uc62c\ub77c\uc788\ub358 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \uc11c\ud55c\uc744 \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \ubaa9\ub85d\uc5d0\ub294 \uc11c\ud55c\uc774 \uc791\uc131\ub41c \ub0a0\uc9dc\ub3c4 1613\ub144 10\uc6d4 21\uc77c\ub85c \uc798\ubabb \uc801\ud600 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n \uc774 \uc11c\ud55c\uc740 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uc758 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 1657\ub144 \uc124\ub9bd\ud588\ub2e4\uac00 10\uc5ec\ub144 \ub9cc\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c4 \ud53c\ub80c\uccb4\uc758 ‘\uc544\uce74\ub370\ubbf8\uc544\ub378\uce58\uba58\ud1a0(Academy<\/span>\u00a0of<\/span>\u00a0Experiment<\/span>)’\uc640 \uc601\uad6d\ud559\uc220\uc6d0\uc758 \uc778\uc5f0\uc73c\ub85c \uc601\uad6d\uc5d0 \ub118\uaca8\uc84c\ub2e4\uac00 \ubd84\ub958\uac00 \uc798\ubabb\ub418\ub294 \ubc14\ub78c\uc5d0 \uc11c\uace0\uc5d0\uc11c \ube5b\uc744 \ubcf4\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ucd94\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n![\"Pages](\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-06769-4\/d41586-018-06769-4_16139258.jpg\")
<\/div>\n<\/div>Mixed messages<\/h6>\n
![\"Painting](\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-06769-4\/d41586-018-06769-4_16139330.jpg\")
<\/div>\n<\/div>TIMELINE: THE GALILEO AFFAIR<\/h6>\n
Chance discovery<\/h6>\n
\uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774, \uc885\uad50\uc7ac\ud310 \ub300\ube44 \uc790\uadf9\uc801 \ub2e8\uc5b4 \uc0ad\uc81c\ud55c ‘\uac00\uc9dc \uc6d0\ubcf8’ \ub3cc\ub824<\/h5>\n
![](\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/001\/2018\/09\/26\/AKR20180926046000009_03_i_20180926154245772.jpg?type=w647\")
<\/span><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/001\/2018\/09\/26\/AKR20180926046000009_02_i_20180926154245777.jpg?type=w647\")
<\/span><\/p>\n