{"id":1561,"date":"2018-09-06T11:30:56","date_gmt":"2018-09-06T02:30:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=1561"},"modified":"2023-07-05T15:21:30","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T06:21:30","slug":"%ec%99%b8%eb%aa%a8%ec%99%80-%eb%8b%a4%eb%a5%b8-%ec%8b%a4%ec%a0%9c-%eb%82%98%ec%9d%b4-%ed%9b%84%ec%84%b1-%ec%9c%a0%ec%a0%84%ed%95%99%ec%97%90%ea%b2%8c-%eb%ac%bc%ec%96%b4%eb%b4%90-nature-%eb%89%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1561","title":{"rendered":"\uc678\ubaa8\uc640 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc2e4\uc81c \ub098\uc774? \ud6c4\uc131 \uc720\uc804\ud559\uc5d0\uac8c \ubb3c\uc5b4\ubd10 &#038; Nature \ub274\uc2a4"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(\uc6d0\ubb38: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seoul.co.kr\/news\/newsView.php?id=20180906023001&amp;wlog_tag3=naver\">\uc5ec\uae30<\/a>\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\uc5f0\uc608\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \ud1a0\ud06c\uc1fc\ub97c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ubcf4\uba74 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ub098\uc774\uac00 \uc2e4\uc81c\uc640\ub294 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4\uace0 \uae5c\uc9dd \uace0\ubc31\ud574 \ud32c\ub4e4\uc744 \ub180\ub77c\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u2018\uc544\ub974\ud5e8\ud2f0\ub098\uc5ec, \ub0a0 \uc704\ud574 \uc6b8\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uc544\uc694\u2019\ub77c\ub294 \uace1\uc73c\ub85c \uc798 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc5d0\ubc14 \ud398\ub860\uc740 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc774\uc720\ub85c \uc2e4\uc81c \ub098\uc774\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc5b4\ub9ac\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6d4\ud2b8 \ub514\uc988\ub2c8\uac00 \uac00\ub09c\ud55c \uc0dd\ud65c\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc218\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \uad70\ub300\uc5d0 \uac00\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc2e4\uc81c\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub098\uc774\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc18d\uc600\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uc798 \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgnews.pstatic.net\/image\/081\/2018\/09\/06\/0002941039_001_20180906033937150.jpg?type=w647\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"end_photo_org\"><em class=\"img_desc\">\uc720\ub7fd \uac01\uad6d\uc740 \uc720\uc5d4\uc758 \uad8c\uace0\ub300\ub85c \ub098\uc774\ub97c \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \uad6c\ud638 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ubab0\ub824\ub4dc\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uacfc \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ub098\uc774 \ud30c\uc545\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6c0\uc744 \uacaa\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc720\ub7fd \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ub098\uc774\ub97c \ud30c\uc545\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ud6c4\uc131\uc720\uc804\ud559\uc801 \uae30\ubc95\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub3c4\uc785\ud558\ub824 \ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<span class=\"word_dic en\">Bayer<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"word_dic en\">research<\/span>\u00a0\uc81c\uacf5<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\uc2a4\ud3ec\uce20 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc880\ub354 \uc88b\uc740 \uc131\uc801\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ub098\uc774\ub97c \uc624\ud788\ub824 \uc62c\ub9ac\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub3c4 \ub9ce\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d \uccb4\uc870 \ub300\ud45c\ud300\uc774 2000\ub144 \ud638\uc8fc \uc2dc\ub4dc\ub2c8\uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d \ub2f9\uc2dc \ub9cc 14\uc138\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud55c \uc5ec\uc790 \uccb4\uc870\uc120\uc218\uc758 \ub098\uc774\ub97c 16\uc138\ub85c \uc18d\uc5ec \ucd9c\uc804\uc2dc\ud0a8 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774 \ub4a4\ub2a6\uac8c \uc801\ubc1c\ub3fc \ub2e8\uccb4\uc804 \ub3d9\uba54\ub2ec\uc744 \ubc15\ud0c8\ub2f9\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uad6d\uc81c\ucd95\uad6c\uc5f0\ub9f9(<span class=\"word_dic en\">FIFA<\/span>)\uc740 \uacbd\uae30\uc5d0 \ucc38\uac00\ud558\ub294 \ucd95\uad6c\uc120\uc218\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc0dd\ubb3c\ud559\uc801 \ub098\uc774\ub97c \uccb4\ud06c\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc190\ubaa9\ubf08 \uac80\uc0ac\ub97c \uc218\uc2dc\ub85c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0\ub3c4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubf08\ub098\uc774\ub97c \uce21\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc190\ubaa9 \uc2a4\uce90\ub2dd\uc740 \ube44\uad50\uc801 \uac04\ub2e8\ud558\uac8c \uc0dd\ubb3c\ud559\uc801 \ub098\uc774\ub97c \ud655\uc778\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc624\ucc28 \ubc94\uc704\uac00 \ucee4\uc11c \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uac00 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4\uace0 \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ub098\uc774\ub97c \ud30c\uc545\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\ub4e4\uc744 \uace0\ubbfc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\ucd5c\uadfc \uc720\ub7fd \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ud658\uacbd \ub4f1 \ud6c4\ucc9c\uc801\uc778 \uc694\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c\u00a0<span class=\"word_dic en\">DNA<\/span>\u00a0\ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \ucc3e\ub294 \ud6c4\uc131\uc720\uc804\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\ub839\uc744 \ud30c\uc545\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc8fc\ub825\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uacfc\ud559\uc800\ub110 \u2018\ub124\uc774\ucc98\u2019 4\uc77c\uc790\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131 \ub192\uc740 \uc99d\uac70 \uae30\ubc18 \uac80\uc0ac\ubc95\uc778 \ud6c4\uc131\uc720\uc804\ud559\uc801 \uae30\ubc95\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \ud604\uc7ac \uc720\ub7fd \uac01\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ud68c\ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \u2018\ub09c\ubbfc\u2019 \ub300\ucc45\uc5d0 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc744 \uc8fc\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \uc720\uc5d4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud68c\uc6d0\uad6d\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \u201c18\uc138 \ubbf8\ub9cc\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \ubcf4\ud638\uc640 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\u201d\ub294 \uaddc\uc815\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0a4\ub3c4\ub85d \uad8c\uace0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc77c\ubd80 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub7f0 \uad00\uc6a9\uc801 \ud61c\ud0dd\uc744 \ub204\ub9ac\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \u2018\uc2e4\uc81c \ub098\uc774\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc5b4\ub9ac\ub2e4\u2019\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc720\ub7fd \uac01\uad6d \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ucd5c\uc6b0\uc120\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc0c1\uc790\ub97c \uacb0\uc815\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6c0\uc744 \uacaa\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc77c\ubd80 \uadf9\ub82c \ub9e4\uccb4\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0ac\ub840\ub4e4\ub9cc \ubaa8\uc544 \ubcf4\ub3c4\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ub300\uc911\ub4e4\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud610\uc624\uc99d\uacfc \ud3ed\ub825\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubd80\ucd94\uae30\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774\ub78d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \u2018\ud6c4\uc131\uc720\uc804\ud559 \uc2dc\uacc4\u2019\ub77c\ub294 \ubd84\uc790 \uac80\uc0ac\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uae30\uc874 \ubc29\ubc95\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc880\ub354 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uace0 \ube60\ub974\uac8c \uc0dd\ubb3c\ud559\uc801 \ub098\uc774\ub97c \ud30c\uc545\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubbf8\ub4dc \u2018<span class=\"word_dic en\">CSI<\/span>\u2019\uc5d0\uc11c \ud754\ud788 \ubd24\ub358 \uc7a5\uba74\ucc98\ub7fc \uc785\uc548\uc744 \uba74\ubd09\uc73c\ub85c \uc2a5 \ubb38\uc9c0\ub974\ub294 \uac83\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \ubd84\uc11d\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \ud6c4\uc131\uc720\uc804\ud559\uc801 \uae30\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc774\ub97c \uc608\uce21\ud560 \ub54c \uc624\ucc28\ub294 1~2\ub144\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uae30\uc874 \ubf08 \uc2a4\uce94\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \ud574\ubd80\ud559\uc801 \uac80\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub294 \uc624\ucc28 \ubc94\uc704\ub294 3~4\ub144\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ud6e8\uc52c \uc2e0\ub8b0\uc131\uc774 \ub192\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \ud6c4\uc131\uc720\uc804\ud559 \uc2dc\uacc4 \uac80\uc0ac\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub098\uc774\uac00 17\uc0b4 11\uac1c\uc6d4\uc778\uc9c0 18\uc0b4\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \uc815\ud655\ud788 \uc608\uce21\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ud55c\uacc4\ub294 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uae30\ubc95\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \ub54c\ub294 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc724\ub9ac\uc801 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub3d9\ubc18\ub420 \uc218\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud6c4\uc0dd\uc720\uc804\ud559 \uae30\ubc95\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud55c \ub09c\ubbfc \ub098\uc774 \uce21\uc815\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc774\ub984\uc73c\ub85c \uc790\uce6b \ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc0b6\uc744 \uc1a1\ub450\ub9ac\uc9f8 \ubc14\uafb8\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\ub294 \ub9cc\ud07c \uac80\uc0ac \ub300\uc0c1\uc790\uc758 \uc644\ubcbd\ud55c \ub3d9\uc758\uc640 \ud504\ub77c\uc774\ubc84\uc2dc \ubcf4\ud638\uac00 \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \uc218\ubc18\ub3fc\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubc94\uc8c4\uc790 \ub300\uc0c1\u00a0<span class=\"word_dic en\">DNA<\/span>\u00a0\uac80\uc0ac\ub97c \ud560 \ub54c\ub3c4 \uac1c\uc778\uc758 \uc9c8\ubcd1 \uc5ec\ubd80 \uac19\uc740 \uc740\ubc00\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4\ub294 \uc218\uc9d1\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubc94\uc8c4\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c\ub3c4 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \uc778\uad8c\uc744 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc640 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud0c0\uc790\ub77c\uace0 \ud574\uc11c \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uaca0\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \ubaa8\uc21c \uc544\ub2d0\uae4c\uc694.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06165-y?utm_source=feedburner&#038;utm_medium=feed&#038;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"article-item__title serif\">Molecular test of age highlights difficult questions<\/h4>\n<h6 class=\"article-item__teaser-text serif\">From forensics to sporting events, disputed age is a source of tension.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-06165-y\/d41586-018-06165-y_16096234.jpg\" alt=\"A group of young men walking to the &quot;Jungle&quot; camp in Calais\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">A better way to determine age could defuse political tension about treatment of refugees.<\/span>Credit: Barbaros Kayan\/MOKU\/SIPA\/Shutterstock<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Eva Per\u00f3n claimed she was younger for political reasons. Walt Disney pretended to be older to sign up for war. All sorts of people lie about their age for all sorts of reasons, and they\u2019ve been doing so for a long time. Scandals over the past decade have forced authorities to act on false claims from footballers: the world governing body FIFA now routinely scans the wrist bones of players entering youth competitions to check that the athletes are truly young enough to compete.<\/p>\n<p>Wrist scanning is one of several anatomical tests available that claim to be able to determine an individual\u2019s maturity. They are cumbersome and unreliable. More-accurate tests are on the way. But the implications are profound, and must be discussed by researchers, policymakers and the public.<\/p>\n<p>One reason that scientists are trying to improve age testing is to address controversy in Europe over the age of refugees. United Nations rules say that those under 18 years old must receive particular protection and assistance. Some adults say they are younger than they are to claim these benefits, and tabloid anger over these rare cases has fuelled political and public intolerance.<\/p>\n<p>If officials who assess age on the basis of physical attributes such as height, voice and facial features suspect that a refugee is concealing their true age, they can apply tests that assess the maturity of teeth or bones.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-06165-y\/d41586-018-06165-y_16096046.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">European scientists seek \u2018epigenetic clock\u2019 to determine age of refugees<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Experts are right to condemn these techniques as being unreliable and to complain they could deny vulnerable children the help afforded to them in national laws. Could a more-reliable and evidence-based test help? Such a test would not answer all the questions posed by Europe\u2019s refugee crisis; almost four million people have claimed asylum since 2014, sparking a rise of xenophobia in parts of society and creating difficult decisions about how best to help immigrants and who to help most. But accurate tests could, in theory, help to make the basis of these decisions objective and transparent.<\/p>\n<p>As we\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">report in a News story<\/a>, some scientists say that age could be determined more accurately using a molecular test called an epigenetic clock. It looks for distinctive chemical marks that are known to steadily accumulate on DNA. In theory, the test could be performed on a simple cheek swab. The researchers developing it are confident that this method could reliably predict age to within one or two years \u2014 much better than the currently used anatomical tests, which can estimate only to within three or four years. But they also highlight that the epigenetic clock currently performs poorly for many people. And no biological test will ever be able to say for sure if a person is 17 years, 11 months or 18 years old.<\/p>\n<p>Such assays must be subjected to extensive, rigorous testing across different populations, and their limitations must be made clear. Furthermore, the ethical implications should be fully debated before the tests are used to determine the age of refugees, which potentially has life-changing consequences. Such tests must always come with full consent and privacy safeguards.<\/p>\n<p>There are also important implications in other spheres. A more accurate way to determine age\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/forensics-germany-considers-wider-use-of-dna-evidence-in-criminal-cases-1.21713\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/forensics-germany-considers-wider-use-of-dna-evidence-in-criminal-cases-1.21713\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">would be useful in forensics work<\/a>, for example, to help build up a profile of a suspect from blood or semen. Success would depend on the sample being large enough for analysis. What\u2019s more, countries such as Germany currently prohibit such information being extracted from DNA tests.<\/p>\n<p>Age fraud is a widespread problem in sport. In 2010, the discovery of such deception forced a Chinese gymnastics team to return the gold medals it had won at the Sydney Olympics a decade earlier. One competitor was declared to have been only 14 at the time of the competition, two years below the required age.<\/p>\n<p>Last week saw violent anti-immigrant demonstrations, this time in Chemnitz in eastern Germany. Even though the number of refugees arriving in Europe has plummeted \u2014 49,000 had arrived by this July, compared with 1.3 million throughout 2016 \u2014 tensions remain high.<\/p>\n<p>Given all this, researchers should not develop, or make claims for, age-determining tests without extreme care and wide discussion. That will take time: time for the rest of society to ponder how and whether such tests should be used. Age is not just a number. Much can be at stake.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>561<\/strong>, 5 (2018)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-018-06165-y<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w?utm_source=feedburner&#038;utm_medium=feed&#038;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"article-item__title serif\">Can epigenetics help verify the age claims of refugees?<\/h3>\n<h5 class=\"article-item__teaser-text serif\">European scientists say that a more accurate test could help to implement laws that protect minors seeking asylum.<\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-06121-w\/d41586-018-06121-w_16085402.jpg\" alt=\"Reflection of migrants near the main train station in Belgrade, Serbia.\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">Migrants pass through Belgrade en route to western Europe.<\/span>Credit: Nemanja Pancic\/SIPA\/Shutterstock<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>When local authorities in Hildesheim, Germany, didn\u2019t believe an asylum seeker who claimed to be under 18 years old \u2014 and thus eligible for privileged treatment \u2014 police turned to a blood-based age test sold by a California company.<\/p>\n<p>The test, offered by Zymo Research in Irvine, uses chemical modifications to DNA that accrue over a lifetime, called an \u2018epigenetic clock\u2019, to determine a person\u2019s age. Forensic scientists \u2014 aware of its potential benefits but also of its current lack of precision \u2014 sounded an alarm.<\/p>\n<p>In a paper published online<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0in May, a team led by forensic-medicine specialist Stefanie Ritz-Timme of the University of Dusseldorf in Germany said that these tests were not ready for use in sensitive forensic evaluations.<\/p>\n<p>But now, in the charged political atmosphere that has accompanied the arrival of millions of refugees to Europe, forensic scientists across the continent are joining forces to improve epigenetic-clock-based tests \u2014 with a focus on whether they might be used to help determine the age of refugees whose claims to be under 18 are disputed. They hope that, with time, such tests could replace existing methods, which assess the maturity of bones or teeth to determine an individual\u2019s age but are imprecise, and can be controversial.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe race is now on to develop a more accurate clock that would be more predictive than the anatomical tests \u2014 and also more practical for use in forensic science,\u201d says cell biologist Wolfgang Wagner at the University of Aachen, Germany. He has teamed up with other German forensic scientists to overcome these challenges, not only for the test\u2019s use on refugees, but also for other forensic uses.<\/p>\n<h6>A call for sensitivity<\/h6>\n<p>The development of scientific methods that could feed into decisions about who is granted asylum and how refugees are treated are likely to elicit criticism, says Denise Syndercombe-Court, a forensic geneticist at King\u2019s College London. She says that some scientists, herself included, are wary of these efforts.<\/p>\n<p>But Niels Morling, a forensic geneticist at the University of Copenhagen who is running a national epigenetic-clock programme, defends the development of tests that are more accurate. Given that the law treats those under 18 very differently from adults, he says, then \u201cyou have a duty to make sure that it can be implemented fairly\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Philosopher Thomas Pogge, who specializes in global justice at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, says that to keep rising anti-immigration sentiment in check, it is important for authorities to show that they can detect any refugees who pretend to be younger than they are.<\/p>\n<p>Since 2014, Europe has received around 4 million refugees, many of whom arrived without identity documents. More than 1.5 million refugees have sought asylum in Germany, around one-third of whom are registered as minors. In Europe, minor status usually leads to better care and an increased chance of being granted asylum. Minors also have a higher chance than adults of gaining permission for family members to join them. And, if convicted of a crime, people under 18 usually receive shorter sentences \u2014 served in special prisons for juveniles.<\/p>\n<h6>Risky tests<\/h6>\n<p>Authorities say that, because of the benefits, some unaccompanied refugees claim to be younger than they are. But the anatomical tests that are currently used to assess age have an error range of up to 3\u20134 years, and rely on X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging. In countries such as Norway, refugees have sued the authorities for being forced to submit to these medical tests.<\/p>\n<p>The publication of the first reasonably accurate epigenetic clock in 2013 presented a simpler way of verifying age, because it could be carried out using blood samples<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\">2<\/a><\/sup>. Developed by biostatistician Steve Horvath at the University of California, Los Angeles, this clock measures an epigenetic mark called methylation at 353 DNA sites across the genome.<\/p>\n<p>Horvath\u2019s paper was based on data from thousands of individuals. He analysed the genomes of different cell types \u2014 from blood to heart and brain cells \u2014 and identified the modifications that both correlated best with age and were least subject to environmental influences such as diet, which can alter epigenetic modifications. The clock\u2019s accuracy varies between cell types, and diseases such as cancer can throw it off kilter.<\/p>\n<p>But in blood, the median error was 2.7 years, meaning that it could predict the age of half the donors to within 32 months \u2014 a similar accuracy to that of the X-ray-based methods. And Horvath\u2019s clock proved particularly accurate in children and adolescents \u2014 including those around the legally crucial age of 18.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-06121-w\/d41586-018-06121-w_16088048.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\">Refugees who are children receive privileged treatment.<\/span>Credit: AP\/Shutterstock<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Horvath has since refined the method. In July, he published a new clock that measured epigenetic marks at 391 DNA sites in different tissues<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. It was particularly accurate in buccal cells scraped from the inside of the cheek, which are easier to collect than blood samples. Testing these buccal cells from 53 people aged between 3.5 and 18 years, he found a median error of just 1.03 years. However, there were many outliers \u2014 people whose age could not be accurately predicted \u2014 and the most extreme result was out by 5 years and 8 months. Horvarth anticipates that epigenetic-clocks, once refined, will help refugees by corroborating their age claims. \u201cAt the same time, the tests may help identify individuals who break the law,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n<p>In the Hildesheim case, Zymo, which bought an exclusive licence to Horvath\u2019s test in 2016, compared the refugee\u2019s sample with those of five others who had similar ethnic backgrounds and whose ages were known. Keith Booher, project manager for Zymo\u2019s epigenetic services, told\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i>\u00a0that the test determined the most likely age of the person to be between 26 and 29 years old. Hildesheim authorities have declined to comment on the case.<\/p>\n<p>Zymo charges around US$300 for a blood sample, and each test requires multiple samples. Forensic scientists around Europe are now working to make an epigenetic clock that would be more accurate and less expensive than what is available \u2013 and is also applicable to the easily-collected buccal cells. That means working out the minimum number of DNA sites needed to ensure the greatest accuracy, says forensic geneticist Peter Schneider of the University of Cologne in Germany. He predicts that just 10 or 20 markers will suffice.<\/p>\n<h6>Ethnic differences<\/h6>\n<p>Studies are also under way to gauge how the diverse ethnic backgrounds of Europe\u2019s refugees might influence the epigenetic clock. Schneider\u2019s team conducted a preliminary study<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR4\">4<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0into the relationship, which suggests the effect could prove to be limited. The researchers found that the epigenetic modifications for which the clock tested were broadly similar across populations hailing from Central Europe, the Middle East and West Africa.<\/p>\n<p>Another challenge of using the epigenetic clock is dealing with the statistical outliers. A recent study<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-06121-w?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\">5<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0of more than 1,000 British 17-year-olds born in the 1990s found that the clock measured a pleasing median age of 17.2 years \u2014 yet it judged some to be under 4 years old and others over 30.<\/p>\n<p>Such outliers may in some cases be explained by undiagnosed illnesses that distort the clock, or by technical errors. Wagner thinks that some of these people, for whom the method simply won\u2019t work, could be identified using the right combinations of epigenetic markers, allowing scientists to discount the test\u2019s results. And with better mathematical models for setting the epigenetic clock, along with improved sequencing technologies for identifying epigenetic marks, it might be possible to get the test\u2019s margin of error well down, he says.<\/p>\n<p>But even if the accuracy of the epigenetic clock cannot be improved to the point where it can replace anatomical tests, it would still be attractive, says Morling. \u201cEvery time you add a new method, you improve overall precision of age estimation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"emphasis\">Nature<\/span>\u00a0<strong>561<\/strong>, 15 (2018)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-018-06121-w<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; (\uc6d0\ubb38: \uc5ec\uae30\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~) &nbsp; &nbsp; \uc5f0\uc608\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \ud1a0\ud06c\uc1fc\ub97c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ubcf4\uba74 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ub098\uc774\uac00 \uc2e4\uc81c\uc640\ub294 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4\uace0 \uae5c\uc9dd \uace0\ubc31\ud574 \ud32c\ub4e4\uc744 \ub180\ub77c\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u2018\uc544\ub974\ud5e8\ud2f0\ub098\uc5ec, \ub0a0<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1561\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[32,33,29,30],"tags":[6,7,3,4],"class_list":["post-1561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essays-on-science","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-science","category-recent-science-news","tag-essays-on-science","tag-do-biology","tag-lets-do-science","tag-recent-science-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1102,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1102","url_meta":{"origin":1561,"position":0},"title":"\uc774\uac83 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba74 \ub178\ud654\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub2e4, TXNIP","author":"biochemistry","date":"July 13, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38: \uc5ec\uae30\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~) \u00a0 \u00a0 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc138\ud3ec\uc640 \uc720\uae30\uccb4\ub294 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc9c0\ub0a8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub178\ud654\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc65c \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ub418\ub294 \uac78\uae4c? \ub3c5\uc77c \ud558\uc774\ub378\ubca0\ub974\ud06c\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ub3c5\uc77c\uc554\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c(DKFZ) \uc5f0\uad6c\uc9c4\uc740 \ub178\ud654 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc911\uc2ec \uc804\ud658\uc810\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \ub2e8\ubc31\uc9c8\uc744 \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ud30c\ub9ac\ub294 \ubb3c\ub860 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc218\uba85\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc870\uc808\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\ubc88 \ubc1c\uacac\uc740 \ub178\ud654\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uc9c8\ubcd1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uce58\ub8cc\ubc95\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \uc5f4\uc5b4\uc900\ub2e4.(2018.06)\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODA2MjZfMTI4\/MDAxNTMwMDA5MDA0NDk3.EG8nzHRrGVN91qe_5QLXSRYpEg0MZeaTTDhcDGkP4cYg.VqGPWdXIeVQEdi9ONU1kGnZC_GJPv2ucW24pZwjYmOog.JPEG\/hospice-1793998_1280.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODA2MjZfMTI4\/MDAxNTMwMDA5MDA0NDk3.EG8nzHRrGVN91qe_5QLXSRYpEg0MZeaTTDhcDGkP4cYg.VqGPWdXIeVQEdi9ONU1kGnZC_GJPv2ucW24pZwjYmOog.JPEG\/hospice-1793998_1280.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODA2MjZfMTI4\/MDAxNTMwMDA5MDA0NDk3.EG8nzHRrGVN91qe_5QLXSRYpEg0MZeaTTDhcDGkP4cYg.VqGPWdXIeVQEdi9ONU1kGnZC_GJPv2ucW24pZwjYmOog.JPEG\/hospice-1793998_1280.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODA2MjZfMTI4\/MDAxNTMwMDA5MDA0NDk3.EG8nzHRrGVN91qe_5QLXSRYpEg0MZeaTTDhcDGkP4cYg.VqGPWdXIeVQEdi9ONU1kGnZC_GJPv2ucW24pZwjYmOog.JPEG\/hospice-1793998_1280.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODA2MjZfMTI4\/MDAxNTMwMDA5MDA0NDk3.EG8nzHRrGVN91qe_5QLXSRYpEg0MZeaTTDhcDGkP4cYg.VqGPWdXIeVQEdi9ONU1kGnZC_GJPv2ucW24pZwjYmOog.JPEG\/hospice-1793998_1280.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1055,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1055","url_meta":{"origin":1561,"position":1},"title":"2045\ub144 \ud3c9\uade0\uc218\uba85 130\uc138&#8230;\uc0dd\uba85 \uc5f0\uc7a5\uc758 \uafc8 \uc774\ub8f0\uae4c &#038; \ub098\ub294 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc0b4\uae4c? 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\uc8fd\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub294 12\uac00\uc9c0 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub9dd &#038;&#038;","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 30, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 \ubbf8 \ub300\ud559\uc5f0\uad6c\ud300 \ubcf4\uace0\uc11c\u2026\ud608\uc561\uc554 \uce58\ub8cc\ub3c4 \ub3cc\ud30c\uad6c \uae30\ub300 \u00a0 \ubc31\ud608\uad6c[\uac8c\ud2f0\uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ubc45\ud06c \uc81c\uacf5] \u00a0 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ud608\uad6c(blood\u00a0cell)\uc5d4 \uc774\uc2dd\ud574\ub3c4 \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 '\uace0\uc720\uc758 \uc2dc\uacc4(intrinsic\u00a0clock)' \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ud55c \ub300\ud559\uc5f0\uad6c\ud300\uc774 \ubcf4\uace0\uc11c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ubc1d\ud614\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc2dc\uacc4\ub294 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub178\ud654\ub97c \uc81c\uc5b4\ud558\uace0 \ud608\uc561\uc554\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce60 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\ub77c\uba74 \uc778\ub958\uc758 \uafc8\uc778 \ud68d\uae30\uc801 '\ub178\ud654 \uc5b5\uc81c'\uc5d0 \ud55c \uac78\uc74c \ub2e4\uac00\uc120 \uac83\uc77c \uc218\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxOTA2MjRfNTUg\/MDAxNTYxMzYyODY5OTc2.H66gqIUwrcfqoxi1HgOA5y4xBSmB72RmyTjOTpauRSEg.6ks95HIP7Ak-MHEJgH3Ykfer7istm0q-CJbmBw8i9l0g.JPEG\/aging.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":903,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=903","url_meta":{"origin":1561,"position":4},"title":"\ub204\uad6c\ub098 \uc4f0\ub294 GPS, \uc65c \uacf5\uc9dc\uc77c\uae4c?","author":"biochemistry","date":"June 17, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 \ucc98\uc74c \uac00\ub294 \uae38\ub3c4 \ucc99\ucc99 \ucc3e\uc544\uc8fc\uace0, \uc0b0\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc29\ud5a5\uc744 \uc783\uc5b4\ub3c4 \uc704\uce58\ub97c \uc54c\ub824\uc900\ub2e4. \ub9e4\uc77c \uc4f4\ub2e4 \ud574\ub3c4 \uacfc\uc5b8\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc\u00a0GPS\u00a0\uc704\uce58 \uc815\ubcf4 \uc598\uae30\ub2e4. \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uc720\uc6a9\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 '\uacf5\uc9dc'\ub85c \uc4f0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4, \uc815\ubcf4\uac00 \uace7 \ub3c8\uc778 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \ub204\uac00 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uacf5\uc9dc\ub85c \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub294 \uac78\uae4c? \u00a0 GPS\u00a0\uc815\ubcf4\ub294 \ub204\uac00, \uc65c \ubb34\ub8cc\ub85c \uc81c\uacf5\ud560\uae4c? 'GPS'\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\uac00 \uc6cc\ub099 \uc775\uc219\ud558\ub2e4 \ubcf4\ub2c8\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;'01. \uc6b0\uc8fc: \ubbf8\uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc2dc\uae4c\uc9c0'\uc640 '02. \uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \uacf5\uac04' \uad00\ub828&quot;","block_context":{"text":"'01. \uc6b0\uc8fc: \ubbf8\uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc2dc\uae4c\uc9c0'\uc640 '02. \uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \uacf5\uac04' \uad00\ub828","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=39"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3028,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3028","url_meta":{"origin":1561,"position":5},"title":"\uba74\uc5ed\uae30\ub2a5\uacfc \ub178\ud654\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc7a5\ub0b4 \ubbf8\uc0dd\ubb3c &#038; \uc7a5\ub0b4\uc138\uade0\uc774 \u2018\uac74\uac15 \ub098\uc774\u2019 \uacb0\uc815","author":"biochemistry","date":"March 29, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 [\uc694\uc57d]\u00a0\uc2a4\uc704\uc2a4 \ub85c\uc794\uc5f0\ubc29\uacf5\uacfc\ub300\ud559(EPFL)\u00a0\uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uba74\uc5ed\uacc4\uc758 \uae30\ub2a5\uc7a5\uc560\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc7a5\ub0b4 \uc138\uade0\uc758 \uacfc\ubd80\ud558\ub97c \uc720\ubc1c\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294\uc9c0 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4.\u00a0\uc138\uade0\uc740 \uacfc\ub3c4\ud55c \uc816\uc0b0\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\uace0 \uc138\ud3ec \uc190\uc0c1\uacfc \ub178\ud654\uad00\ub828 \uc9c8\ud658\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ud65c\uc131\uc0b0\uc18c \uc0dd\uc131\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\uc2dc\ud0a4\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. (2018.11) \u00a0 \uc7a5\ub0b4 \ubbf8\uc0dd\ubb3c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub9ce\uc774 \ud65c\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \ucd08\ud30c\ub9ac \ucd9c\ucc98 : iStock \u00a0 \u00a0 \uc7a5\ub0b4 \uc138\uade0\uc774 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uc0dd\ubb3c\ud559\uacfc \uc758\ud559 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ud14c\ub9c8\uac00 \ub41c \uac83\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud558\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uadfc\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;'10. \uac1c\uccb4\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uacfc \uac1c\uccb4 \uac04 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9'\uacfc '11. \uc9c4\ud654\uc758 \uba54\ucee4\ub2c8\uc998' \uad00\ub828&quot;","block_context":{"text":"'10. \uac1c\uccb4\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uacfc \uac1c\uccb4 \uac04 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9'\uacfc '11. \uc9c4\ud654\uc758 \uba54\ucee4\ub2c8\uc998' \uad00\ub828","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=44"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODExMTVfOTAg\/MDAxNTQyMjQ1NDI0MTQ0.snsFyrV3QPtF-hbWt6NaaRMOnorC4lztmdku8WXB9tYg.APs8h3nsnfnYHdP1Oopols9I9uWiPzrBHr72wPgd2xYg.JPEG\/652x367.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODExMTVfOTAg\/MDAxNTQyMjQ1NDI0MTQ0.snsFyrV3QPtF-hbWt6NaaRMOnorC4lztmdku8WXB9tYg.APs8h3nsnfnYHdP1Oopols9I9uWiPzrBHr72wPgd2xYg.JPEG\/652x367.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/post-phinf.pstatic.net\/MjAxODExMTVfOTAg\/MDAxNTQyMjQ1NDI0MTQ0.snsFyrV3QPtF-hbWt6NaaRMOnorC4lztmdku8WXB9tYg.APs8h3nsnfnYHdP1Oopols9I9uWiPzrBHr72wPgd2xYg.JPEG\/652x367.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9Xo1j-pb","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1561"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5614,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1561\/revisions\/5614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}