{"id":1266,"date":"2018-08-02T08:52:57","date_gmt":"2018-08-02T08:52:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/163.180.4.222\/lab\/?p=1266"},"modified":"2019-10-15T18:58:06","modified_gmt":"2019-10-15T09:58:06","slug":"yeast-chromosome-numbers-minimized-using-genome-editing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1266","title":{"rendered":"Yeast chromosome numbers minimized using genome editing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29\">\uc6d0\ubb38<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6>Genome-editing approaches have been used to fuse 16 yeast chromosomes to produce yeast strains with only 1 or 2 chromosomes. Surprisingly, this fusion has little effect on cell fitness.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__aside align-right hide-print\">\n<div class=\"pdf__download shrink--aside\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"align-left\">\n<div class=\"article__body serif cleared\">\n<p>The genomes of nucleus-bearing organisms are divided into linear chromosomes. The number of chromosomes ranges from one to hundreds across species. But why is there such variation? Do specific chromosome numbers hold an advantage for particular species? In two papers in\u00a0<i>Nature<\/i>, Shao\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and Luo\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0independently manipulate the genome of the budding yeast\u00a0<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/i>\u00a0by systematically fusing chromosomes, enabling the researchers to explore the consequences of chromosome-number reduction.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0382-x\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-05309-4\/d41586-018-05309-4_15987056.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Read the paper: Creating a functional single-chromosome yeast<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Normal\u00a0<i>S. cerevisiae<\/i>\u00a0genomes have 16 distinct chromosomes (<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u200916), which range from 230 to 1,532 kilobases in length<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR3\">3<\/a><\/sup>. To function correctly, yeast chromosomes need protective structures called telomeres at both ends, and only one centromere \u2014 a region that ensures the accurate segregation of chromosomes into mother and daughter cells during cell division. Simply fusing the ends of two chromosomes is therefore not a viable strategy for reducing chromosome number because it would produce chromosomes containing two centromeres.<\/p>\n<p>To solve this problem, the two groups used genome-editing tools to fuse sequences found adjacent to one of the telomeres in each chromosome, and to simultaneously remove one of the two centromeres (Fig. 1). Using this approach, they reduced the chromosome number step by step, producing strains that had progressively lower values of\u00a0<i>n<\/i>. The fusion strains comprised genomic material that is almost identical to that of normal\u00a0<i>S. cerevisiae<\/i>, differing only in chromosome number and by a few non-essential genes that were deleted during strain creation.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\">\n<div class=\"embed intensity--high\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w800\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-05309-4\/d41586-018-05309-4_15982794.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>\n<p class=\"figure__caption sans-serif\"><span class=\"mr10\"><b>Figure 1 | Fusing chromosomes one by one.<\/b>\u00a0Two groups<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0have fused all 16 chromosomes (<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u200916) of the budding yeast\u00a0<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u00a0<\/i>to produce strains that have only one<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR1\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0or two<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR2\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0long chromosomes. In\u00a0<i>S. cerevisiae<\/i>, each chromosome must have protective structures known as telomeres at both ends, as well as a single structure called a centromere that is essential for normal chromosome segregation during cell division. To generate fused chromosomes with this composition, the groups used genome-editing techniques to cleave sequences found next to one of the telomeres in each chromosome, and simultaneously removed one of the two centromeres (just one cleavage site is sufficient to trigger removal of the entire centromere). They then fused the cleaved portions. By repeating this process, they reduced the chromosome number in a stepwise manner, producing yeast cells that have progressively lower values of\u00a0<i>n<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Luo\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0produced an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0374-x\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0374-x\" data-track-category=\"body text link\"><i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20092 strain containing chromosomes that were each about 6,000 kb long<\/a>. However, they were unable to fuse the two chromosomes into one as part of a viable cell. By contrast, Shao\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0382-x\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0382-x\" data-track-category=\"body text link\">successfully fused the entire\u00a0<i>S. cerevisiae<\/i>\u00a0genome into a single chromosome<\/a>\u00a0in a functional yeast.<\/p>\n<p>Given that each group used similar strategies, it is interesting to consider why only one of the teams could fuse the final two chromosomes. A possible explanation is that the groups fused the yeast chromosomes in different orders and orientations. Perhaps such factors matter, which could mean that only certain final genome structures are attainable. In the future, reducing the chromosome number through a variety of fusion paths might reveal how chromosomal structures affect cell viability. Another possibility is that mutations introduced accidentally during the chromosome-fusion experiments affected cell tolerance to the new genome organization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"recommended pull pull--left sans-serif\" data-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0374-x\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"recommended article\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"recommended__image\" src=\"https:\/\/media.nature.com\/w400\/magazine-assets\/d41586-018-05309-4\/d41586-018-05309-4_15987066.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"recommended__title serif\">Read the paper: Karyotype engineering by chromosome fusion leads to reproductive isolation in yeast<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Both groups then investigated the biological implications of chromosome fusion. Overall, organismal traits such as cell growth, size and shape seem to be buffered throughout the series of fusions. Notably, the expression of only a few genes was altered considerably in either the\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20092 or\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20091 strains. Most of the observed increases in gene expression can be explained by there being fewer genes located near telomeres, which promote transcriptional silencing<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR4\">4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Such transcriptional stability is in contrast to the widespread transcriptional variation that is seen when yeast undergoes other types of chromosomal modification, such as inversions of particular regions<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR5\">5<\/a><\/sup>. Shao\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0show that this stability reflects the fact that there are only modest changes to the intrachromosomal interactions that usually take place, which can modulate gene expression. However, the interchromosomal-interaction landscape changes drastically, owing to the depletion of centromeres, which drive the 3D configuration of the yeast genome<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR6\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The yeast strains generated by the groups are haploid \u2014 they contain only one copy of each chromosome. Haploid yeast reproduce asexually, but they can also mate through sexual reproduction to form diploid yeast, which contain two copies of each chromosome. Diploid yeast can then divide through a process called meiosis to produce haploid spores that mature into haploid cells. The groups showed that the\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20091 and\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20092 strains can undergo sexual reproduction, albeit with reduced efficiency compared with wild-type yeast, and produce spores that are slightly less viable.<\/p>\n<p>During meiosis, genetic material is exchanged between paired chromosomes in a process called recombination. Because the genomes of all cells from a given fusion strain are identical, they lack the genetic variability that researchers need to map recombination through the generations. As such, the two groups could not characterize how chromosome reduction affects recombination. The high spore viability of each fusion strain indicates that some recombination might occur, ensuring proper chromosome segregation. However, the greatly reduced chromosome number essentially eliminates any risk of mis-segregation.<\/p>\n<p>Luo\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0mated strains that had different chromosome numbers, and then investigated spore viability and production in the resulting hybrid strains, to determine at what point the fusion strain could no longer produce viable spores (a phenomenon called reproductive isolation). As predicted<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR7\">7<\/a><\/sup>, an increasing difference in chromosome number had an increasing effect on spore viability until, in hybrids generated by crossing haploid strains that have\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u200916 and\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20098, none of the spores produced were viable. Moreover, spore production was arrested when the difference in chromosome number became any larger.<\/p>\n<p>This is unexpected, especially given that diploid hybrids that are sterile because of high sequence divergence or differently arranged genomes between their two sets of chromosomes can progress efficiently through meiosis, despite producing inviable spores<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR7\">7<\/a><\/sup>. The mechanism that underlies the reproductive isolation seen by Luo and colleagues remains to be determined. Future work using synthetic genomes, which can be edited at the single-nucleotide level, will allow the introduction of genetic variants on both local and genome-wide scales, enabling the in-depth, systematic analysis of the factors that prevent species from breeding, as well as the genomic changes that prompt reproductive isolation.<\/p>\n<p>Both studies concluded that reduced chromosome number causes no major growth defects when cells are grown under various conditions and stresses. Small fitness defects were most evident in the\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20091 strain, consistent with the fact that this chromosome configuration is challenging to obtain. Although these fitness differences seem mild in a laboratory setting, they could become more harmful in the natural environment. Indeed, Shao and colleagues\u2019\u00a0<i>n<\/i>\u2009=\u20091 strain was quickly outcompeted by a normal strain of\u00a0<i>S. cerevisiae<\/i>\u00a0when the two were cultured together. This is consistent with the idea that the structure of\u00a0<i>S. cerevisiae<\/i>\u00a0chromosomes has remained highly stable for several million years<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR8\">8<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR9\">9<\/a><\/sup>, although reductions in chromosome number through telomere fusion and centromere loss occurred repeatedly over longer evolutionary timescales<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-05309-4?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nature%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Nature+-+Issue%29#ref-CR10\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The short generation time of\u00a0<i>S. cerevisiae<\/i>\u00a0means that, in the future, the evolution of strains that have a reduced chromosome number could be tracked in the lab, in long-term experiments that run for months or years. Such experiments will enable researchers to map adaptive changes that restore fitness in strains that have a reduced number of chromosomes, and to accurately measure genome stability in these yeast.<\/p>\n<p>Beyond the current findings, these engineered yeast strains constitute powerful resources for studying fundamental concepts in chromosome biology, including replication, recombination and segregation. The chromosome-engineering approach might also be applicable to organisms that have more-complex genomes. However, the presence of highly complex DNA sequences in the regions that surround telomeres and centromeres in these organisms will make this a challenging task.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"emphasis\">doi: 10.1038\/d41586-018-05309-4<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; (\uc6d0\ubb38) &nbsp; &nbsp; Genome-editing approaches have been used to fuse 16 yeast chromosomes to produce yeast strains with only 1 or 2 chromosomes.<a href=\"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1266\" class=\"more-link\">(more&#8230;)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[33,29,30],"tags":[7,3,4],"class_list":["post-1266","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-do-biology","category-lets-do-science","category-recent-science-news","tag-do-biology","tag-lets-do-science","tag-recent-science-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":468,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=468","url_meta":{"origin":1266,"position":0},"title":"Synthetic yeast genome reveals its versatility","author":"biochemistry","date":"May 30, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A redesigned yeast genome is being constructed to allow it to be extensively rearranged on demand. A suite of studies reveals the versatility of the genome-shuffling system, and shows how it could be used for biotechnology applications. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A global consortium of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4118,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=4118","url_meta":{"origin":1266,"position":1},"title":"CRISPR-mediated live imaging of genome editing and transcription","author":"biochemistry","date":"September 23, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Tracking nucleic acids in living cells Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful molecular technique for detecting nucleic acids in cells. However, it requires cell fixation and denaturation. Wang\u00a0et al.\u00a0found that CRISPR-Cas9 protects guide RNAs from degradation in cells only when bound to target DNA. Taking advantage\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1121,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1121","url_meta":{"origin":1266,"position":2},"title":"Double trouble at the beginning of life","author":"biochemistry","date":"July 17, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38: \uc5ec\uae30\ub97c \ud074\ub9ad\ud558\uc138\uc694~) \u00a0 Science\u00a0\u00a013 Jul 2018: Vol. 361, Issue 6398, pp. 128-129 DOI: 10.1126\/science.aau3216 \u00a0 \u00a0 Every human life begins with the fertilization of an egg (1). Once the egg and the sperm have fused, the parental chromosomes need to be united. To this end, the egg\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3470,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=3470","url_meta":{"origin":1266,"position":3},"title":"The new techniques revealing the varied shapes of chromatin","author":"biochemistry","date":"May 7, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 Researchers are realizing that the DNA\u2013protein complex doesn\u2019t just have one form but many. \u00a0 This multicoloured image of chromatin was created using multiplexed fluorescence\u00a0in situ\u00a0hybridization and super-resolution microscopy.Credit: Bogdan Bintu\/The Xiaowei Zhuang Laboratory\/The Alistair Boettiger Laboratory \u00a0 \u00a0 Molecular models suggest that chromosomes assemble in an ordered,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1816,"url":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?p=1816","url_meta":{"origin":1266,"position":4},"title":"A core problem in nuclear assembly","author":"biochemistry","date":"September 23, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0 (\uc6d0\ubb38) \u00a0 Chromosomes can exist outside the nucleus in rupture-prone structures called micronuclei. 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In this regulatory process, the concentration of tubulin subunits modulates the stability of the mRNAs from which they are translated (1,\u00a02). In the 1980s it was found that\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Let's Do Biology!&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Let's Do Biology!","link":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/?cat=33"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":false,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9Xo1j-kq","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1266","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1266"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1266\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4391,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1266\/revisions\/4391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1266"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biochemistry.khu.ac.kr\/lab\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}